![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.hexinmusu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/wz-16-Sand-casting-.webp\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nKum d\u00f6k\u00fcm \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in geleneksel proses ak\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/h2>\n\n\n\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.hexinmusu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/wz-16.webp\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nKum d\u00f6k\u00fcm i\u015flemi<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n(1) Kal\u0131plama kumu ve ma\u00e7a kumunun haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nKum d\u00f6k\u00fcm i\u00e7in kal\u0131plama malzemeleri esas olarak kum kal\u0131b\u0131 yapmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan kum ve kum ma\u00e7as\u0131 yapmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan ma\u00e7a kumudur. Kum genellikle ham kum (da\u011f kumu veya nehir kumu), kil ve belirli bir oranda kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f sudan yap\u0131l\u0131r; bunun yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fczde 9'u kil, yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fczde 6's\u0131 su, geri kalan\u0131 ham kumdur. Bazen kumun ve ma\u00e7a kumunun performans\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in k\u00f6m\u00fcr tozu, bitkisel ya\u011f, tala\u015f vb. gibi az miktarda katk\u0131 maddesi eklenir. S\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f kumun yap\u0131s\u0131 \u015fekilde g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.hexinmusu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/wz-16-Sand-structure-diagram-300x253.webp\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nKum yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u015fematik diyagram\u0131 1 - kum taneleri 2 - bo\u015fluklar
3 - Ata\u015fman 4 - Kil membran<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
Ma\u00e7a kumu, talebin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olmas\u0131 nedeniyle genellikle elle haz\u0131rlanmaktad\u0131r.
Ma\u00e7an\u0131n sert oldu\u011fu ortam, bu nedenle ma\u00e7a kumu performans gereksinimleri y\u00fcksek kumdan daha y\u00fcksekken, ma\u00e7a kumu ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 (kil, ya\u011f, vb.) kumdaki ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 oran\u0131ndan daha b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr, bu nedenle ge\u00e7irgenli\u011fi kum kadar iyi de\u011fildir, ma\u00e7a nefes alabilen bir kanal (delikler) yapmak i\u00e7in yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r; ah\u015fap tala\u015f\u0131 gibi katk\u0131 maddeleri eklemek i\u00e7in eklenecek ma\u00e7an\u0131n verimini art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in.
Baz\u0131 zorlu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck d\u00f6k\u00fcmler genellikle ya\u011fl\u0131 kum \u00e7ekirdeklerle yap\u0131l\u0131r (tung ya\u011f\u0131 + kum, sar\u0131ms\u0131 kahverengi bir renge kadar pi\u015firilir).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(2) Kum tipinin \u00f6zellikleri<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nKumun kalitesi d\u00f6k\u00fcmlerin kalitesini do\u011frudan etkiler, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck kum kalitesi kum d\u00f6k\u00fcm \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin g\u00f6zeneklilik, trahom, yap\u0131\u015fkan kum, kum ve di\u011fer kusurlar\u0131 \u00fcretmesine neden olur. \u0130yi kum a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u00f6zelliklere sahip olmal\u0131d\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n- \u2460 Gaz ge\u00e7irgenli\u011fi Kal\u0131p kumunun gaz ge\u00e7irme performans\u0131na gaz ge\u00e7irgenli\u011fi denir. D\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn i\u00e7ine d\u00f6k\u00fclen y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131ktaki metal, \u00e7ok say\u0131da gazla doldurulur, bu gazlar p\u00fcr\u00fczs\u00fcz de\u015farj\u0131n d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcnden d\u00f6k\u00fclmelidir, aksi takdirde d\u00f6k\u00fcm g\u00f6zeneklilik, alt d\u00f6kme ve di\u011fer kusurlar\u0131 \u00fcretecektir. Kum partik\u00fcl boyutu, kil i\u00e7eri\u011fi, nem i\u00e7eri\u011fi ve kum kompaktl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve di\u011fer fakt\u00f6rlere g\u00f6re d\u00f6k\u00fcm hava ge\u00e7irgenli\u011fi. Kum partik\u00fcl boyutu ne kadar ince olursa, kil ve nem i\u00e7eri\u011fi ne kadar y\u00fcksek olursa, kum kompaktl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ne kadar y\u00fcksek olursa, hava ge\u00e7irgenli\u011fi o kadar k\u00f6t\u00fc olur.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u2461 Mukavemet Kumun d\u0131\u015f hasarlara kar\u015f\u0131 koyma kabiliyetine mukavemet denir. Kum, kal\u0131plama, ta\u015f\u0131ma ve kutuyu kapatma s\u00fcrecinde \u00e7\u00f6kmeye neden olmamak ve d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcrken d\u00f6k\u00fcm y\u00fczeyine zarar vermemek i\u00e7in yeterince y\u00fcksek mukavemete sahip olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Kumun mukavemeti \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek olmamal\u0131d\u0131r, aksi takdirde hava ge\u00e7irgenli\u011finin ve tavizlerin azalmas\u0131 nedeniyle d\u00f6k\u00fcm kusurlu olacakt\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Refrakterlik, kumun y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve \u0131s\u0131ya dayanma kabiliyetini ifade eder. Refrakterlik zay\u0131fsa, d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn yap\u0131\u015fkan kum \u00fcretmesi kolayd\u0131r. Kumdaki SiO2 i\u00e7eri\u011fi ne kadar fazla olursa, kum par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131 ne kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck olursa, refrakterlik o kadar iyi olur.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Kumun d\u0131\u015f kuvvet etkisi alt\u0131nda deforme olma ve d\u0131\u015f kuvvet kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra mevcut \u015fekli koruma yetene\u011fini ifade eder. \u0130yi plastisite, kolay kal\u0131plama i\u015flemi, do\u011fru \u015fekil ve kum kal\u0131b\u0131n\u0131n net konturu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u2464 \u0130mtiyaz D\u00f6k\u00fcm yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kal\u0131p kumunun s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lma kabiliyeti. \u0130mtiyazl\u0131l\u0131k iyi de\u011filse, d\u00f6k\u00fcm i\u00e7 gerilime veya \u00e7atlamaya e\u011filimlidir. Kum ne kadar s\u0131k\u0131 olursa, imtiyazl\u0131l\u0131k o kadar k\u00f6t\u00fc olur. Kal\u0131p kumuna odun tala\u015f\u0131 eklemek imtiyazl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 art\u0131rabilir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
At\u00f6lyedeki kum d\u00f6k\u00fcm \u00fcr\u00fcn tedarik\u00e7ilerinin tek par\u00e7a k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck seri \u00fcretiminde, kumun baz\u0131 \u00f6zelliklerini kabaca de\u011ferlendirmek i\u00e7in yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lan el \u00e7imdikleme y\u00f6ntemi, \u00f6rne\u011fin bir avu\u00e7 kum kapmak, \u00e7imdik yumu\u015fak ve deforme olmas\u0131 kolay hissetmek; k\u00fctle gev\u015fek olmad\u0131ktan sonra kumu b\u0131rak\u0131n, ele yap\u0131\u015fmay\u0131n ve el izlerini temizleyin; k\u0131r\u0131n, d\u00fcz ve e\u015fit b\u00f6l\u00fcm ve \u00e7atlama olgusu yok ve ayn\u0131 zamanda belirli bir g\u00fc\u00e7 derecesi hissedin, kumun uygun performans gereksinimlerine sahip oldu\u011fu kabul edilir, kum. \u015eekilde g\u00f6sterildi\u011fi gibi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.hexinmusu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/wz-16-1.webp\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nKumun nemi do\u011fru oldu\u011funda, el serbest b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir.
Elle yo\u011frularak bir kum topu haline getirilebilir El \u00e7izgilerini temizleyin<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.hexinmusu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/wz-16-2.webp\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nPar\u00e7al\u0131 bir \u015fekle sahip k\u0131r\u0131k bo\u015fluklu k\u0131r\u0131k
Ayn\u0131 zamanda yeterli g\u00fc\u00e7 var<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
(3) Kal\u0131plar\u0131n bile\u015fimi<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Kum d\u00f6k\u00fcm \u00fcr\u00fcnleri i\u00e7in kal\u0131plar, par\u00e7an\u0131n \u015fekline g\u00f6re kal\u0131plama malzemesinden yap\u0131l\u0131r ve kal\u0131plar kum veya metal tipi olabilir. Bir kum kal\u0131b\u0131, kumdan (ma\u00e7a kumu) yap\u0131lan kal\u0131plama malzemesinden yap\u0131l\u0131r. Gerekli \u015fekil, boyut ve kalitede d\u00f6k\u00fcmler elde etmek i\u00e7in metal s\u0131v\u0131y\u0131 d\u00f6kmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\nBir kal\u0131p genellikle sa\u011fdaki \u015fekilde g\u00f6sterildi\u011fi gibi bir \u00fcst kal\u0131p, bir alt kal\u0131p, bir ma\u00e7a, bir bo\u015fluk ve bir d\u00f6kme sisteminden olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kal\u0131p bile\u015fenleri aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011flant\u0131 y\u00fczeylerine ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyleri denir. Kal\u0131pta kal\u0131plama malzemesi ile \u00e7evrili bo\u015flu\u011fun bir k\u0131sm\u0131na, yani d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn g\u00f6vdesini olu\u015fturan bo\u015flu\u011fa, bo\u015fluk denir. S\u0131v\u0131 metal, d\u00f6kme sistemi arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla bo\u015flu\u011fa akar ve bo\u015flu\u011fu doldurur ve \u00fcretilen gaz, hava \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 vb. arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla kum kal\u0131b\u0131ndan bo\u015falt\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.hexinmusu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/wz-16-3.webp\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n1-B\u00f6lme y\u00fczeyi 2-\u00dcst kal\u0131p 3-Hava \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 4-D\u00f6kme sistemi 5-Kavite 6-Alt kal\u0131p
7 \u00c7ekirdekli 8 \u00c7ekirdekli kafa tutucu<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
(4<\/strong>)<\/strong>Yolluk Sistemleri<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n- D\u00f6kme Sistemi D\u00f6kme sistemi, s\u0131v\u0131 metalin bo\u015flu\u011fa akmas\u0131 i\u00e7in kal\u0131pta bulunan bir dizi kanald\u0131r. \u0130\u015flevi \u015fudur:
\u2460 Metal s\u0131v\u0131y\u0131 d\u00fczg\u00fcn ve h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde enjekte edin;
\u2461C\u00fcruf, kum vb. maddelerin bo\u015flu\u011fa girmesini engelleyin;
(iii) So\u011futma ve kat\u0131la\u015fma s\u0131ras\u0131nda s\u0131v\u0131 metalin hacim daralmas\u0131n\u0131 desteklemek i\u00e7in d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn her bir par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyin.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nD\u00f6k\u00fcm sisteminin do\u011fru \u015fekilde ayarlanmas\u0131, d\u00f6k\u00fcmlerin kalitesini sa\u011flamak ve metal t\u00fcketimini azaltmak i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r. D\u00f6kme sistemi makul de\u011filse, d\u00f6k\u00fcmler kum \u00fcfleme, kum delikleri, c\u00fcruf delikleri, d\u00f6k\u00fclmeme, g\u00f6zeneklilik ve b\u00fcz\u00fclme delikleri gibi kusurlara e\u011filimlidir. Tipik d\u00f6kme sistemi d\u00f6rt b\u00f6l\u00fcmden olu\u015fur: a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u015fekilde g\u00f6sterildi\u011fi gibi d\u0131\u015f kap\u0131, d\u00fcz yolluk, \u00e7apraz yolluk ve i\u00e7 yolluk.
Basit \u015fekilli k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck d\u00f6k\u00fcmler i\u00e7in \u00e7apraz yolluk kullan\u0131lmayabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.hexinmusu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/wz-16-4.webp\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nTipik d\u00f6k\u00fcm sistemleri<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n- \u0130\u015flevi, enjekte edilen s\u0131v\u0131 metali tutmak ve s\u0131v\u0131 metalin kum kal\u0131b\u0131 \u00fczerindeki etkisini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmakt\u0131r. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck d\u00f6k\u00fcmler genellikle huni \u015feklindedir (yolluk kab\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r), daha b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00f6k\u00fcmler ise le\u011fen \u015feklindedir (yolluk kab\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u2461 D\u00fcz yolluk D\u0131\u015f kap\u0131y\u0131 yatay yolluk ile ba\u011flayan dikey bir kanald\u0131r. D\u00fcz yolluk y\u00fcksekli\u011finin de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi s\u0131v\u0131 metalin statik bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131 ve s\u0131v\u0131 metalin ak\u0131\u015f h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirebilir, b\u00f6ylece s\u0131v\u0131 metalin doldurma kapasitesini de\u011fi\u015ftirebilir. D\u00fcz yolluk y\u00fcksekli\u011fi veya \u00e7ap\u0131 \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fckse, d\u00f6k\u00fcm yetersiz d\u00f6k\u00fclecektir. \u00c7ubu\u011fun \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in, d\u00fcz yolluk genellikle b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00fcst ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir alt ile konik bir \u015fekle getirilir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u2462 \u00c7apraz kanal Metal s\u0131v\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fcz kanaldan i\u00e7 kanala sokmak i\u00e7in yatay bir kanald\u0131r, genellikle kum kal\u0131b\u0131n\u0131n ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyinde a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r ve kesit \u015fekli genellikle y\u00fcksek trapezoidaldir ve i\u00e7 kanal\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnde bulunur. \u00c7apraz kanal\u0131n ana i\u015flevi s\u0131v\u0131 metali i\u00e7 kanala da\u011f\u0131tmak ve c\u00fcrufu bloke etmektir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Do\u011frudan bo\u015flu\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r ve bo\u015flu\u011fa s\u0131v\u0131 metal ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc ve h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 ve d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn her bir par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131n so\u011futma h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyebilir. \u0130\u00e7 yolluklar\u0131n enine kesit \u015fekli genellikle d\u00fcz trapezoidal ve hilal \u015feklindedir ve \u00fc\u00e7gen \u015feklinde de olabilir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Y\u00fckselticiler B\u00fcz\u00fclme ve gev\u015feme gibi yayg\u0131n kusurlar, d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn so\u011fuyup kat\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda hacimsel olarak daralmas\u0131ndan kaynaklan\u0131r. B\u00fcz\u00fclme ve gev\u015femeyi \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in, genellikle y\u00fckselticinin \u00fcst veya kal\u0131n k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcnde. Y\u00fckselticiler, d\u00f6k\u00fcmdeki bo\u015fluklar ve bo\u015fluklara enjekte edilen metaldir. Y\u00fckselticideki s\u0131v\u0131 metal, d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn b\u00fcz\u00fclmesini s\u00fcrekli olarak yenileyebilir, b\u00f6ylece d\u00f6k\u00fcm b\u00fcz\u00fclme deliklerinden ve b\u00fcz\u00fclme gev\u015femesinden ka\u00e7\u0131nabilir. Y\u00fckselticiler gereksizdir ve temizlik s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Y\u00fckselticiler b\u00fcz\u00fclme rol\u00fcn\u00fc tamamlaman\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra egzoz ve c\u00fcruf toplama rol\u00fcn\u00fc de \u00fcstlenir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
(5) Kal\u0131p ve ma\u00e7a sand\u0131\u011f\u0131 imalat\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Kal\u0131p, d\u00f6k\u00fcm \u00fcretiminde gerekli proses ekipman\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130\u00e7 bo\u015fluklu d\u00f6k\u00fcmler i\u00e7in, kum ma\u00e7a taraf\u0131ndan olu\u015fturulan i\u00e7 bo\u015flu\u011fun d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fc ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kum ma\u00e7a i\u00e7in ma\u00e7a kutusunun haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 gerekir. Kal\u0131p ve ma\u00e7a sand\u0131\u011f\u0131 imalat\u0131nda yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lan malzemeler ah\u015fap, metal ve plastiktir. Tek par\u00e7ada, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck seri \u00fcretim, ah\u015fap kal\u0131p ve ma\u00e7a kutusunda, metal veya plastik kal\u0131p, ma\u00e7a kutusunun seri \u00fcretiminde yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Metal kal\u0131p ve ma\u00e7a kutusunun hizmet \u00f6mr\u00fc 100.000 ila 300.000 kat, plasti\u011fin hizmet \u00f6mr\u00fc on binlerce kata kadar \u00e7\u0131karken, ah\u015fap olan sadece yakla\u015f\u0131k 1.000 katt\u0131r. D\u00f6k\u00fcmlerin kalitesini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in, kal\u0131plar\u0131n ve ma\u00e7a kutular\u0131n\u0131n tasar\u0131m\u0131nda ve imalat\u0131nda, bir d\u00f6k\u00fcm i\u015flemi haritas\u0131 tasarlamak ve daha sonra i\u015flem haritas\u0131n\u0131n \u015fekline ve boyutuna g\u00f6re kal\u0131plar ve ma\u00e7a kutular\u0131 \u00fcretmek gerekir. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u015femaya bak\u0131n\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.hexinmusu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/wz-16-5.webp\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nBir s\u00fcre\u00e7 haritas\u0131 tasarlarken a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakilerden baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurun:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n- Ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyinin se\u00e7imi Ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyi \u00fcst ve alt kum aras\u0131ndaki aray\u00fczd\u00fcr ve ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyinin se\u00e7imi kal\u0131b\u0131n kumdan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamal\u0131 ve modellemeyi d\u00f6k\u00fcmlerin kalitesini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in uygun ve elveri\u015fli hale getirmelidir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Kal\u0131b\u0131n kum kal\u0131ptan kolayca \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in, ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyine dik olan t\u00fcm y\u00fczeyler 0,5\u00ba\uff5e4\u00ba kal\u0131p \u00e7ekme e\u011fimi ile yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u2462 \u0130\u015fleme pay\u0131 \u0130\u015flenecek d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn y\u00fczeyinde uygun i\u015fleme pay\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u2463 B\u00fcz\u00fclme D\u00f6k\u00fcm so\u011furken b\u00fcz\u00fclmelidir ve kal\u0131b\u0131n boyutu d\u00f6k\u00fcm b\u00fcz\u00fclmesinin etkisini dikkate almal\u0131d\u0131r. Genellikle d\u00f6kme demir par\u00e7alarda y\u00fczde 1 art\u0131\u015f; d\u00f6kme \u00e7elik par\u00e7alarda y\u00fczde 1,5 ila y\u00fczde 2 art\u0131\u015f; al\u00fcminyum ala\u015f\u0131ml\u0131 par\u00e7alarda y\u00fczde 1 ila y\u00fczde 1,5 art\u0131\u015f i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u2464 D\u00f6k\u00fcm yuvarlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f k\u00f6\u015feler Modellemeyi kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak ve d\u00f6k\u00fcm kalitesini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in d\u00f6k\u00fcmdeki her y\u00fczeyin t\u00fcm d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f noktalar\u0131 ge\u00e7i\u015fli yuvarlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f k\u00f6\u015feler haline getirilmelidir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- (6) Ma\u00e7a kafas\u0131 Ma\u00e7al\u0131 kum kal\u0131plar\u0131 i\u00e7in kal\u0131p \u00fczerine uygun bir ma\u00e7a kafas\u0131 yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Modelleme y\u00f6ntemleri<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\nKal\u0131plama y\u00f6nteminin se\u00e7imi sadece \u00fcretim t\u00fcr\u00fcne g\u00f6re de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda fabrika ekipman ko\u015fullar\u0131na, d\u00f6k\u00fcm boyutuna ve karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve kalite gereksinimlerine g\u00f6re birlikte izlenmelidir. Kal\u0131plama y\u00f6ntemleri iki kategoriye ayr\u0131labilir: manuel ve makine kal\u0131plama.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
El kal\u0131plama esas olarak tek par\u00e7al\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck seri \u00fcretim i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131rken, makine kal\u0131plama esas olarak b\u00fcy\u00fck seri \u00fcretim i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(1). El modellemesi<\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n- (A) Entegre kal\u0131plaman\u0131n \u00f6zellikleri \u015funlard\u0131r: kal\u0131p entegre bir yap\u0131d\u0131r, en b\u00fcy\u00fck kesit kal\u0131b\u0131n bir ucunda d\u00fczd\u00fcr; ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyleri \u00e7o\u011funlukla d\u00fczd\u00fcr; ve i\u015flem basittir. B\u00fct\u00fcn kal\u0131p, diskler ve kapaklar gibi basit \u015fekillere sahip d\u00f6k\u00fcmler i\u00e7in uygundur.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- (B) B\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f kal\u0131pla kal\u0131plaman\u0131n \u00f6zellikleri \u015funlard\u0131r: kal\u0131plar ayr\u0131l\u0131r ve kal\u0131plar\u0131n ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f y\u00fczeyi (ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyi olarak bilinir), kal\u0131p kald\u0131rmay\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kal\u0131plar\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck kesiti olmal\u0131d\u0131r. B\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f kal\u0131pla kal\u0131plama i\u015flemi temelde tam kal\u0131pla kal\u0131plama i\u015flemine benzer, aradaki fark \u00fcst kal\u0131b\u0131 yaparken iki i\u015flemin eklenmesidir, yani \u00fcst kal\u0131b\u0131n yerle\u015ftirilmesi ve \u00fcst yar\u0131m kal\u0131b\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131. Ayr\u0131k kal\u0131plama man\u015fonlar, borular ve valf g\u00f6vdeleri gibi karma\u015f\u0131k \u015fekillere sahip d\u00f6k\u00fcmler i\u00e7in uygundur.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- (C) \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilir veya hareketli par\u00e7a \u00fczerindeki canl\u0131 blok kal\u0131plama kal\u0131b\u0131na canl\u0131 blok denir. Kal\u0131b\u0131n yan taraf\u0131nda par\u00e7ay\u0131 uzatmak i\u00e7in bir engel oldu\u011funda (k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir t\u0131rnak gibi), par\u00e7a genellikle canl\u0131 bir blok haline getirilir. Kal\u0131p kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, \u00f6nce kal\u0131b\u0131n ana g\u00f6vdesi \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131r ve daha sonra d\u00f6k\u00fcmde kalan canl\u0131 blok ayr\u0131 olarak \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131r, bu y\u00f6nteme canl\u0131 blok kal\u0131plama denir. Canl\u0131 blok kal\u0131b\u0131 \u00e7ivilerle ba\u011flanarak kal\u0131plan\u0131rken, canl\u0131 blo\u011fun etraf\u0131ndaki kumun \u00f6nce s\u0131k\u0131ca doldurulmas\u0131na ve daha sonra \u00e7ivilerin \u00e7ekilmesine dikkat edilmelidir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- (D) kal\u0131plama ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131sal \u00f6zelliklerine g\u00f6re d\u00f6k\u00fcm yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, ancak ko\u015fullar nedeniyle (kal\u0131p \u00e7ok ince, kal\u0131p yapmak zor gibi) hala b\u00fct\u00fcn bir kal\u0131p haline getirildi\u011finde, kal\u0131plamay\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in alt ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyinin kavisli bir y\u00fczeye kaz\u0131lmas\u0131 veya merdivenin \u015feklinde y\u00fcksek ve al\u00e7ak de\u011fi\u015fikliklere sahip olmas\u0131 gerekir (d\u00fczensiz ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyi olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r), bu y\u00f6nteme kum kal\u0131plama denir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- (F) \u00dc\u00e7 kutu kal\u0131plama D\u00f6k\u00fcm \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in \u00fc\u00e7 kum kutusu kullanma i\u015flemine \u00fc\u00e7 kutu kal\u0131plama denir. Yukar\u0131da bahsedilen t\u00fcm kal\u0131plama y\u00f6ntemleri, kullan\u0131m\u0131 kolay ve yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lan iki kum kutusu kullan\u0131r. Bununla birlikte, kesit boyutunun iki ucunun orta kesitten daha b\u00fcy\u00fck olmas\u0131 gibi baz\u0131 d\u00f6k\u00fcmlerde, kal\u0131ptan s\u0131ras\u0131yla iki y\u00f6nden \u00fc\u00e7 kum kutusu kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- (G) s\u0131y\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 kal\u0131plama boyutu 500 mm'den b\u00fcy\u00fck kasnaklar, volanlar, b\u00fcy\u00fck di\u015fliler ve di\u011fer tek \u00fcretim gibi d\u00f6nen g\u00f6vde d\u00f6k\u00fcmleri, ah\u015faptan, kal\u0131p i\u015fleme s\u00fcresinden ve maliyetten tasarruf etmek i\u00e7in s\u0131y\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 kal\u0131plama kullan\u0131labilir. Kaz\u0131y\u0131c\u0131, d\u00f6k\u00fcm b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn \u015fekline uygun bir tahta par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. Kal\u0131plama s\u0131ras\u0131nda, s\u0131y\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 sabit bir merkezi eksen etraf\u0131nda d\u00f6ner ve kum kal\u0131b\u0131ndaki gerekli bo\u015flu\u011fu s\u0131y\u0131r\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- (H) Kukla kutu kal\u0131plama, kum kazma kal\u0131plamas\u0131nda kaz\u0131lan kumun yerine prefabrik \u015fekilli bir taban plakas\u0131 veya kukla kutu kullan\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- (I) \u00c7ukur kal\u0131plama D\u00f6k\u00fcmhanede do\u011frudan kum zemin \u00fczerinde veya kum \u00e7ukurunda kal\u0131plama y\u00f6ntemine \u00e7ukur kal\u0131plama denir. B\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00f6k\u00fcmler tek par\u00e7a halinde \u00fcretildi\u011finde, kum havuzundan tasarruf etmek, d\u00f6k\u00fcm y\u00fcksekli\u011fini azaltmak ve d\u00f6kme i\u015flemlerini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in genellikle \u00e7ukur kal\u0131plama kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \u00c7ukur kal\u0131plama yap\u0131s\u0131, d\u00f6k\u00fcm s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00e7ukurdaki gaz\u0131 zeminden, genellikle kok, c\u00fcruf ve di\u011fer nefes alabilen malzemelerin taban\u0131ndan sorunsuz bir \u015fekilde d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karabilir ve gaz\u0131 demir borudan d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131rken kal\u0131plaman\u0131n dikkate al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
(2). Makine modellemesi<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Manuel kal\u0131plama verimlili\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr, d\u00f6k\u00fcmlerin y\u00fczey kalitesi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr, y\u00fcksek teknik seviyeye sahip i\u015f\u00e7i gereksinimi, emek yo\u011funlu\u011fu, bu nedenle seri \u00fcretimde genellikle makine kal\u0131plamada kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Makine kal\u0131plama---- mekanizasyona ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in kum s\u0131kma ve kal\u0131plama i\u015fleminin ana i\u015flemidir. Kum s\u0131kma ve kal\u0131p ba\u015flatman\u0131n farkl\u0131 yollar\u0131na g\u00f6re, pn\u00f6matik mikro titre\u015fimli s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma kal\u0131plama, at\u0131\u015f bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 kal\u0131plama, y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 kal\u0131plama ve kum atma kal\u0131plama vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n- (A) pn\u00f6matik mikro titre\u015fim s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma kal\u0131plama titre\u015fim (frekans 150 ~ 500 kez \/ dak, genlik 25-80mm) - s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma - mikro titre\u015fim (frekans 700 ~ 1000 kez \/ dak, genlik 5 ~ l0mm) s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f kum kullan\u0131l\u0131r. l0mm) kal\u0131plama kumunu s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in. Bu t\u00fcr bir kal\u0131plama makinesi daha az g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcye, kumun e\u015fit \u015fekilde s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na ve y\u00fcksek \u00fcretkenli\u011fe sahiptir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- (B) Enjeksiyon kal\u0131plama, ilk s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma i\u00e7in bo\u015flu\u011fa kum p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtmek i\u00e7in bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 hava kullan\u0131m\u0131 ile karakterize edilir ve daha sonra s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma pistonu kum modelini tekrar s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r, kum modeli ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra, \u00f6n ve arka iki kum modeli aras\u0131ndaki temas y\u00fczeyi ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyidir. Enjeksiyon kal\u0131plaman\u0131n d\u00f6k\u00fcm boyutu do\u011frudur, y\u00fczey p\u00fcr\u00fczl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckt\u00fcr ve \u00fcretkenlik y\u00fcksektir. Saatte 240-300 kal\u0131p \u00fcretebilir ve genellikle k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve orta \u00f6l\u00e7ekli d\u00f6k\u00fcmlerin seri \u00fcretiminde kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- (C) Y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 kal\u0131plama, kum kal\u0131b\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7 \u00fcretmek \u00fczere bir hidrolik sistem kullan\u0131r. Hassas d\u00f6k\u00fcm boyutlar\u0131, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck y\u00fczey p\u00fcr\u00fczl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve y\u00fcksek verimlilik ile karakterize edilir. Y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 kal\u0131plama, daha karma\u015f\u0131k \u015fekillere sahip k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve orta \u00f6l\u00e7ekli d\u00f6k\u00fcmler, \u00e7oklu \u00e7e\u015fitler ve orta \u00f6l\u00e7ekli partiler veya daha fazlas\u0131 i\u00e7in uygundur.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- (D) Kum f\u0131rlatma kal\u0131plama, kum kal\u0131b\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in konvey\u00f6r bant taraf\u0131ndan ta\u015f\u0131nan kumu y\u00fcksek h\u0131zda a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 atmak i\u00e7in y\u00fcksek h\u0131zl\u0131 d\u00f6nen b\u0131\u00e7a\u011f\u0131 kullanmakt\u0131r. Kum f\u0131rlatma kal\u0131plama g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir uyarlanabilirli\u011fe sahiptir, \u00f6zel kum kutusu ve \u015fablon gerektirmez ve b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00f6k\u00fcmlerin tek par\u00e7a ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck parti \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in uygundur.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
karotlama<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\nD\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn i\u00e7 bo\u015flu\u011funu veya lokal \u015feklini elde etmek i\u00e7in, ma\u00e7a kumu veya di\u011fer malzemelerden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, ma\u00e7a ad\u0131 verilen d\u00f6k\u00fcm elemanlar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7indeki bo\u015flu\u011fa yerle\u015ftirilir. Ma\u00e7alar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu ma\u00e7a kumundan yap\u0131l\u0131r. Ma\u00e7an\u0131n kalitesi esas olarak nitelikli ma\u00e7a kumunun haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131na ve do\u011fru ma\u00e7a yap\u0131m s\u00fcrecinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kum \u00e7ekirde\u011fi y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131ktaki s\u0131v\u0131 metalin etkisiyle d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcrken ve \u00e7evrelenirken, i\u00e7 bo\u015flu\u011fun kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelen \u015feklinin d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fc ile kum \u00e7ekirde\u011finin gereksinimlerine ek olarak, daha iyi bir ge\u00e7irgenli\u011fe, refrakterli\u011fe, tavizlere, mukavemete ve di\u011fer \u00f6zelliklere sahip olmal\u0131d\u0131r, bu nedenle \u00e7ekirdek kumu form\u00fcle etmek i\u00e7in az safs\u0131zl\u0131k ve bitkisel ya\u011f, su barda\u011f\u0131 ve di\u011fer ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131lara sahip kuvars kumu se\u00e7meliyiz ve kum \u00e7ekirde\u011finde metal \u00e7ekirdek kemi\u011fine ve mukavemeti ve ge\u00e7irgenli\u011fi art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in havaland\u0131rma deliklerini ba\u011flamal\u0131y\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Basit \u015fekilli b\u00fcy\u00fck ve orta boy ma\u00e7alar kil kumu ile \u00fcretilebilir. Ancak, karma\u015f\u0131k \u015fekillere ve y\u00fcksek performans gereksinimlerine sahip ma\u00e7alar i\u00e7in, bunlar\u0131 form\u00fcle etmek \u00fczere ya\u011f kumu, gres kumu ve re\u00e7ine kumu gibi \u00f6zel ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131lar kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Buna ek olarak, ma\u00e7a kumunun d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck higroskopiklik (kutuyu kapatt\u0131ktan sonra ma\u00e7an\u0131n neme d\u00f6nmesini \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in); daha az gazlama (metal d\u00f6k\u00fcld\u00fckten sonra, ma\u00e7a malzemesi \u0131s\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca az gaz \u00fcretmelidir); ve iyi z\u0131mparalama (temizlik s\u0131ras\u0131nda ma\u00e7an\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in) gibi baz\u0131 \u00f6zel \u00f6zelliklere de sahip olmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ma\u00e7alar genellikle ma\u00e7a kutular\u0131ndan yap\u0131l\u0131r ve a\u00e7\u0131k ma\u00e7a kutusu ma\u00e7a yap\u0131m\u0131, yuvarlak kesitli daha karma\u015f\u0131k ma\u00e7alar i\u00e7in yayg\u0131n bir manuel ma\u00e7a yap\u0131m y\u00f6ntemidir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.hexinmusu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/wz-16-6.webp\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nFolyo \u00e7ekirdek kutu \u00e7ekirdek yap\u0131m\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n(a) Ma\u00e7a kutusunu haz\u0131rlay\u0131n (b) Ma\u00e7a kutusunu kelep\u00e7eleyin, s\u0131rayla ma\u00e7a kumu ve ma\u00e7a kemi\u011fi ekleyin, kumu d\u00f6v\u00fcn (c) Havaland\u0131rma deliklerini kaz\u0131y\u0131n ve ba\u011flay\u0131n (d) Kelep\u00e7eleri gev\u015fetin, ma\u00e7a kutusuna vurun (e) Ma\u00e7a kutusunu a\u00e7\u0131n, kum ma\u00e7ay\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131n ve boyay\u0131 uygulay\u0131n<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Modellemenin temel i\u015flemleri<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\nBir\u00e7ok kal\u0131plama y\u00f6ntemi vard\u0131r, ancak bunlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu kum vurma, kal\u0131p ba\u015flatma, kal\u0131p onarma ve kutu kapatmay\u0131 i\u00e7erir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(1) bak<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nAh\u015fap, metal veya di\u011fer malzemelerden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn orijinal \u015fekli topluca kal\u0131p olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r ve d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn bo\u015flu\u011funu olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Ah\u015fap kal\u0131p olarak bilinen ah\u015fap kal\u0131ptan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, metal kal\u0131p veya plastik kal\u0131p olarak bilinen metal veya plastik kal\u0131ptan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. \u015eu anda \u00e7o\u011fu fabrika ah\u015fap kal\u0131p kullanmaktad\u0131r. Kal\u0131b\u0131n \u015fekli d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn \u015fekline benzer, aradaki fark, kal\u0131pta delikler gibi d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn sadece deliksiz kat\u0131 olmas\u0131 de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda ma\u00e7a ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 yapmak i\u00e7in kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelen konumda olmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(2) Kal\u0131plama \u00f6ncesi haz\u0131rl\u0131k<\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n- \u2460 Kal\u0131plama aletlerini haz\u0131rlay\u0131n, d\u00fcz bir taban plakas\u0131 ve uygun boyutta bir kum kutusu se\u00e7in. Kum kutusu \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fckse, sadece \u00e7ok fazla kum t\u00fcketmekle kalmayacak, ayn\u0131 zamanda kum vurma s\u00fcresini de bo\u015fa harcayacakt\u0131r. Kum kutusu \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckse, ah\u015fap kal\u0131b\u0131n etraf\u0131ndaki kum s\u0131k\u0131ca d\u00f6v\u00fclmeyecek ve s\u0131v\u0131 metal, d\u00f6kme s\u0131ras\u0131nda ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyinden, yani ara y\u00fczeyler aras\u0131ndan kolayca d\u0131\u015far\u0131 akacakt\u0131r. Genellikle, ah\u015fap kal\u0131p ile i\u00e7 duvar ve kum kutusunun \u00fcst\u00fc aras\u0131ndaki mesafe 30 ~ 100 mm olmal\u0131d\u0131r, buna kum yeme miktar\u0131 denir. Bu mesafe kum yeme kapasitesi olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Kum yeme kapasitesinin spesifik de\u011feri ah\u015fap kal\u0131b\u0131n boyutuna ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u2461 Kal\u0131p kumunun ah\u015fap kal\u0131ba yap\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 ve kal\u0131b\u0131 kald\u0131r\u0131rken bo\u015flu\u011fa zarar vermesini \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in ah\u015fap kal\u0131b\u0131 temizleyin.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u2462 Ah\u015fap kal\u0131b\u0131 yerle\u015ftirirken, ah\u015fap kal\u0131p \u00fczerindeki e\u011fimin y\u00f6n\u00fcne dikkat edin ve yanl\u0131\u015f yere koymay\u0131n.\u3002<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
\uff083)<\/strong>yar\u0131m kilo kum<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n- \u2460 D\u00f6vme kumu kuma a\u015famal\u0131 olarak eklenmelidir. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kum kutusu i\u00e7in her seferinde yakla\u015f\u0131k 50 ~ 70 mm kum kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 eklenmelidir. \u00e7ok fazla kum d\u00f6vmek s\u0131k\u0131 de\u011fildir ve \u00e7ok az kum ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma saati maliyeti. \u0130lk kez kum eklerken, ah\u015fap kal\u0131b\u0131n kum kutusundaki konumunun hareket etmesini \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in ah\u015fap kal\u0131b\u0131n etraf\u0131ndaki kum elle s\u0131k\u0131ca bast\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Daha sonra kum vurma \u00e7ekicinin sivri ucunu kullanarak a\u015famal\u0131 olarak s\u0131k\u0131ca vurun ve son olarak kum vurma \u00e7ekicinin d\u00fcz ucunu kullanarak kumun \u00fcst katman\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131ca vurun.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u2461 Kuma vurma i\u015flemi belirli bir rotada ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmelidir. S\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n farkl\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131ndan ka\u00e7\u0131nmak i\u00e7in biraz do\u011fuya, biraz bat\u0131ya kaotik bir vuru\u015f yapmay\u0131n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Kuma vurma uygun olmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7ok fazla kuvvet, kum \u00e7ok s\u0131k\u0131d\u0131r, gaz\u0131n bo\u015flu\u011funu d\u00f6kerek d\u0131\u015far\u0131 akamaz. \u00c7ok az kuvvet, kum \u00e7ok gev\u015fektir ve kutunun \u00e7\u00f6kmesi kolayd\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 kumun her bir par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 farkl\u0131d\u0131r, kum kutusunun i\u00e7 duvar\u0131na yak\u0131n olan kum, kutunun \u00e7\u00f6kmesini \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in s\u0131k\u0131ca d\u00f6v\u00fclmelidir. Bo\u015fluk k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n yak\u0131n\u0131nda, kum s\u0131v\u0131 metal bas\u0131nc\u0131na dayanmak i\u00e7in biraz daha s\u0131k\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Hava ge\u00e7irgenli\u011fini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kum tabakas\u0131n\u0131n bo\u015flu\u011fundan uzakta uygun \u015fekilde gev\u015fek olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u2463 Kumu d\u00f6verken, \u00e7ekicin ah\u015fap kal\u0131ba \u00e7arpmas\u0131 \u00f6nlenmelidir. Genellikle \u00e7eki\u00e7 ile ah\u015fap kal\u0131p aras\u0131ndaki mesafe 20-40 mm'dir, aksi takdirde ah\u015fap kal\u0131ba zarar vermek kolayd\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
\uff084) <\/strong>kum serpin<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n Kum modelini olu\u015fturmadan \u00f6nce, \u00fcst ve alt kum kutular\u0131n\u0131n birbirine yap\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 ve kutunun a\u00e7\u0131lmamas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyine ince taneli, kil i\u00e7ermeyen kuru kum (yani kum) serpilmelidir. Kum serpilirken, el kum kutusundan biraz daha yukar\u0131da olmal\u0131, d\u00f6nerken, sallan\u0131rken, b\u00f6ylece kum parmak \u00e7atlaklar\u0131ndan yava\u015f\u00e7a ve e\u015fit bir \u015fekilde a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya do\u011fru da\u011f\u0131lmal\u0131, ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyinde ince bir \u015fekilde kaplanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Son olarak, ah\u015fap kal\u0131p ay\u0131rma kumundan \u00fcflenmelidir, b\u00f6ylece kum modelinde yapmamak i\u00e7in, ay\u0131rma kumu kum modelinin y\u00fczeyine yap\u0131\u015f\u0131r ve s\u0131v\u0131 metalin d\u00f6k\u00fclmesinde d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn i\u00e7ine y\u0131kan\u0131r, b\u00f6ylece kusurlar \u00fcretir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(5)<\/strong>bir delik a\u00e7mak<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n Kumun iyi hava ge\u00e7irgenli\u011fine sahip olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flaman\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, ayn\u0131 zamanda kumda havaland\u0131rma deliklerini ba\u011flamak i\u00e7in bir havaland\u0131rma i\u011fnesi ile d\u00fcz bir \u015fekilde d\u00f6v\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ve kaz\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, b\u00f6ylece d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcrken gaz\u0131n ka\u00e7mas\u0131 kolayd\u0131r. Havaland\u0131rma delikleri dikey ve e\u015fit da\u011f\u0131l\u0131ml\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(6)<\/strong>a\u00e7\u0131k kap\u0131<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n D\u0131\u015f kap\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck ucunda 60-80 mm \u00e7apa sahip 60\u00b0'lik bir koni \u015feklinde kaz\u0131lmal\u0131 ve kap\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczeyi parlat\u0131lmal\u0131 ve s\u0131v\u0131 metalin kum kal\u0131b\u0131na d\u00fczg\u00fcn bir \u015fekilde akmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in d\u00fcz yollukla ba\u011flant\u0131 yuvarlak bir ge\u00e7i\u015f \u015feklinde yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. D\u0131\u015f kap\u0131 \u00e7ok s\u0131\u011f kaz\u0131l\u0131r ve disk \u015fekline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrse, s\u0131v\u0131 metal etrafa s\u0131\u00e7rayacak ve d\u00f6kme s\u0131ras\u0131nda insanlara zarar verecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(7)<\/strong>Kapan\u0131\u015f konu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 yapmak<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n \u00dcst ve alt kum havuzlar\u0131n\u0131n yerle\u015ftirme pimleri yoksa, \u00fcst ve alt kum kal\u0131plar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lmadan \u00f6nce kum havuzunun duvar\u0131na bir kapan\u0131\u015f \u00e7izgisi \u00e7izilmelidir. Bunun en basit yolu, kutunun duvar\u0131na tebe\u015fir tozu s\u00fcrmek ve ard\u0131ndan ince bir \u00e7izgi \u00e7izmek i\u00e7in bir i\u011fne kullanmakt\u0131r. Kum kutusunu pi\u015firmek i\u00e7in f\u0131r\u0131na girmeniz gerekir, kum kili kum kutusu duvar\u0131na yap\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r, bir s\u0131vac\u0131 b\u0131\u00e7a\u011f\u0131 ile \u00e7orap d\u00fczle\u015ftirilir ve ard\u0131ndan \u00e7amur numaras\u0131 olarak bilinen \u00e7izgi oyulur. \u00c7izgi, x ve y y\u00f6nlerinin konumland\u0131r\u0131labilmesini sa\u011flamak ve kumun d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131rlayabilmek i\u00e7in kum kutusunun duvar\u0131ndaki iki dik a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131 kenar\u0131n en uzak noktas\u0131na yerle\u015ftirilmelidir. Kutuyu kapat\u0131rken hata yapmamak i\u00e7in iki yerdeki \u00e7izgi say\u0131s\u0131 e\u015fit olmamal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7izgi bitti\u011finde, kal\u0131b\u0131 ba\u015flatmak i\u00e7in kutuyu a\u00e7abilirsiniz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(8)<\/strong>bir kal\u0131p almak<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n- \u2460 Kal\u0131b\u0131 almadan \u00f6nce, su f\u0131r\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131 bir miktar suya bat\u0131r\u0131n ve kal\u0131b\u0131 al\u0131rken kum bo\u015flu\u011funun zarar g\u00f6rmesini \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in ah\u015fap kal\u0131b\u0131n etraf\u0131ndaki kumu f\u0131r\u00e7alay\u0131n. F\u0131r\u00e7a suyu bir f\u0131r\u00e7a olmal\u0131, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 yerel sudan ka\u00e7\u0131nmak ve d\u00f6k\u00fcm s\u0131ras\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarda su buhar\u0131 \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in su f\u0131r\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131n belirli bir yerde kalmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamay\u0131n, b\u00f6ylece d\u00f6k\u00fcm g\u00f6zeneklilik kusurlar\u0131 \u00fcretir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u2461 Kal\u0131p ba\u015flatma piminin konumu m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca ah\u015fap kal\u0131b\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k merkezi ile \u00e7ak\u0131\u015fmal\u0131d\u0131r. Kal\u0131b\u0131 ba\u015flatmadan \u00f6nce, ah\u015fap kal\u0131b\u0131 gev\u015fetmek ve kal\u0131b\u0131 ba\u015flatmay\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kal\u0131p ba\u015flatma piminin alt k\u0131sm\u0131na hafif\u00e7e vurmak i\u00e7in k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir \u00e7eki\u00e7 kullan\u0131n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u2462 Kal\u0131b\u0131 kald\u0131r\u0131rken, ah\u015fap kal\u0131b\u0131 yava\u015f\u00e7a dikey olarak kald\u0131r\u0131n, ah\u015fap kal\u0131p tamamen kald\u0131r\u0131lmak \u00fczereyken h\u0131zl\u0131ca \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131n. Kal\u0131b\u0131 kald\u0131r\u0131rken e\u011filmemesine ve sallanmamas\u0131na dikkat edin.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
(9) <\/strong>manik\u00fcr<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n Kal\u0131p \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra, bo\u015fluk hasar g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015fse, bo\u015flu\u011fun \u015fekline ve hasar\u0131n derecesine g\u00f6re her t\u00fcrl\u00fc onar\u0131m aleti do\u011fru \u015fekilde kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bo\u015flu\u011fun hasar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fckse, ah\u015fap kal\u0131p onarmak i\u00e7in bo\u015flu\u011fa geri konulabilir ve ard\u0131ndan tekrar \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(10)<\/strong>bir dosyay\u0131 kapat\u0131n<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n Kutunun kapat\u0131lmas\u0131, kum kal\u0131b\u0131n\u0131n kalitesinde \u00f6nemli bir rol oynayan son kal\u0131plama i\u015flemidir. Kutuyu kapatmadan \u00f6nce, kum kal\u0131b\u0131nda herhangi bir hasar ve gev\u015fek kum olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve kap\u0131n\u0131n kesilip kesilmedi\u011fi dikkatlice kontrol edilmelidir. Ma\u00e7ay\u0131 yerle\u015ftirmek istiyorsan\u0131z, ma\u00e7an\u0131n kuru olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, herhangi bir hasar olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve havaland\u0131rma deliklerinin t\u0131kal\u0131 olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol etmelisiniz. Ma\u00e7an\u0131n kum kal\u0131b\u0131ndaki konumu, d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn do\u011frulu\u011funu etkilememek ve d\u00f6kme s\u0131ras\u0131nda s\u0131v\u0131 metal taraf\u0131ndan y\u0131kanmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in do\u011fru ve sabit olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Kutuyu kapat\u0131rken, seviyeyi a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da tutmak i\u00e7in \u00fcst kum kutusuna dikkat edilmeli ve yanl\u0131\u015f kutuyu \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in kapatma \u00e7izgisi ile hizalanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Kutuyu kapatt\u0131ktan sonra, yolluk i\u00e7ine kum veya d\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fc d\u00fc\u015fmesini \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in yolluk \u00fczerini ka\u011f\u0131t veya tahta par\u00e7as\u0131 ile \u00f6rtmek daha iyidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
D\u00f6k\u00fcm d\u00f6kme pozisyonu ve ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyi se\u00e7imi<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nKum d\u00f6k\u00fcm i\u015flemi<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n(1) Kal\u0131plama kumu ve ma\u00e7a kumunun haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nKum d\u00f6k\u00fcm i\u00e7in kal\u0131plama malzemeleri esas olarak kum kal\u0131b\u0131 yapmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan kum ve kum ma\u00e7as\u0131 yapmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan ma\u00e7a kumudur. Kum genellikle ham kum (da\u011f kumu veya nehir kumu), kil ve belirli bir oranda kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f sudan yap\u0131l\u0131r; bunun yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fczde 9'u kil, yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fczde 6's\u0131 su, geri kalan\u0131 ham kumdur. Bazen kumun ve ma\u00e7a kumunun performans\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in k\u00f6m\u00fcr tozu, bitkisel ya\u011f, tala\u015f vb. gibi az miktarda katk\u0131 maddesi eklenir. S\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f kumun yap\u0131s\u0131 \u015fekilde g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\nKum yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u015fematik diyagram\u0131 1 - kum taneleri 2 - bo\u015fluklar
3 - Ata\u015fman 4 - Kil membran<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
Ma\u00e7a kumu, talebin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olmas\u0131 nedeniyle genellikle elle haz\u0131rlanmaktad\u0131r.
Ma\u00e7an\u0131n sert oldu\u011fu ortam, bu nedenle ma\u00e7a kumu performans gereksinimleri y\u00fcksek kumdan daha y\u00fcksekken, ma\u00e7a kumu ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 (kil, ya\u011f, vb.) kumdaki ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 oran\u0131ndan daha b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr, bu nedenle ge\u00e7irgenli\u011fi kum kadar iyi de\u011fildir, ma\u00e7a nefes alabilen bir kanal (delikler) yapmak i\u00e7in yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r; ah\u015fap tala\u015f\u0131 gibi katk\u0131 maddeleri eklemek i\u00e7in eklenecek ma\u00e7an\u0131n verimini art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in.
Baz\u0131 zorlu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck d\u00f6k\u00fcmler genellikle ya\u011fl\u0131 kum \u00e7ekirdeklerle yap\u0131l\u0131r (tung ya\u011f\u0131 + kum, sar\u0131ms\u0131 kahverengi bir renge kadar pi\u015firilir).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(2) Kum tipinin \u00f6zellikleri<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nKumun kalitesi d\u00f6k\u00fcmlerin kalitesini do\u011frudan etkiler, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck kum kalitesi kum d\u00f6k\u00fcm \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin g\u00f6zeneklilik, trahom, yap\u0131\u015fkan kum, kum ve di\u011fer kusurlar\u0131 \u00fcretmesine neden olur. \u0130yi kum a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u00f6zelliklere sahip olmal\u0131d\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n- \u2460 Gaz ge\u00e7irgenli\u011fi Kal\u0131p kumunun gaz ge\u00e7irme performans\u0131na gaz ge\u00e7irgenli\u011fi denir. D\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn i\u00e7ine d\u00f6k\u00fclen y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131ktaki metal, \u00e7ok say\u0131da gazla doldurulur, bu gazlar p\u00fcr\u00fczs\u00fcz de\u015farj\u0131n d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcnden d\u00f6k\u00fclmelidir, aksi takdirde d\u00f6k\u00fcm g\u00f6zeneklilik, alt d\u00f6kme ve di\u011fer kusurlar\u0131 \u00fcretecektir. Kum partik\u00fcl boyutu, kil i\u00e7eri\u011fi, nem i\u00e7eri\u011fi ve kum kompaktl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve di\u011fer fakt\u00f6rlere g\u00f6re d\u00f6k\u00fcm hava ge\u00e7irgenli\u011fi. Kum partik\u00fcl boyutu ne kadar ince olursa, kil ve nem i\u00e7eri\u011fi ne kadar y\u00fcksek olursa, kum kompaktl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ne kadar y\u00fcksek olursa, hava ge\u00e7irgenli\u011fi o kadar k\u00f6t\u00fc olur.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u2461 Mukavemet Kumun d\u0131\u015f hasarlara kar\u015f\u0131 koyma kabiliyetine mukavemet denir. Kum, kal\u0131plama, ta\u015f\u0131ma ve kutuyu kapatma s\u00fcrecinde \u00e7\u00f6kmeye neden olmamak ve d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcrken d\u00f6k\u00fcm y\u00fczeyine zarar vermemek i\u00e7in yeterince y\u00fcksek mukavemete sahip olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Kumun mukavemeti \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek olmamal\u0131d\u0131r, aksi takdirde hava ge\u00e7irgenli\u011finin ve tavizlerin azalmas\u0131 nedeniyle d\u00f6k\u00fcm kusurlu olacakt\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Refrakterlik, kumun y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve \u0131s\u0131ya dayanma kabiliyetini ifade eder. Refrakterlik zay\u0131fsa, d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn yap\u0131\u015fkan kum \u00fcretmesi kolayd\u0131r. Kumdaki SiO2 i\u00e7eri\u011fi ne kadar fazla olursa, kum par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131 ne kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck olursa, refrakterlik o kadar iyi olur.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Kumun d\u0131\u015f kuvvet etkisi alt\u0131nda deforme olma ve d\u0131\u015f kuvvet kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra mevcut \u015fekli koruma yetene\u011fini ifade eder. \u0130yi plastisite, kolay kal\u0131plama i\u015flemi, do\u011fru \u015fekil ve kum kal\u0131b\u0131n\u0131n net konturu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u2464 \u0130mtiyaz D\u00f6k\u00fcm yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kal\u0131p kumunun s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lma kabiliyeti. \u0130mtiyazl\u0131l\u0131k iyi de\u011filse, d\u00f6k\u00fcm i\u00e7 gerilime veya \u00e7atlamaya e\u011filimlidir. Kum ne kadar s\u0131k\u0131 olursa, imtiyazl\u0131l\u0131k o kadar k\u00f6t\u00fc olur. Kal\u0131p kumuna odun tala\u015f\u0131 eklemek imtiyazl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 art\u0131rabilir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
At\u00f6lyedeki kum d\u00f6k\u00fcm \u00fcr\u00fcn tedarik\u00e7ilerinin tek par\u00e7a k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck seri \u00fcretiminde, kumun baz\u0131 \u00f6zelliklerini kabaca de\u011ferlendirmek i\u00e7in yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lan el \u00e7imdikleme y\u00f6ntemi, \u00f6rne\u011fin bir avu\u00e7 kum kapmak, \u00e7imdik yumu\u015fak ve deforme olmas\u0131 kolay hissetmek; k\u00fctle gev\u015fek olmad\u0131ktan sonra kumu b\u0131rak\u0131n, ele yap\u0131\u015fmay\u0131n ve el izlerini temizleyin; k\u0131r\u0131n, d\u00fcz ve e\u015fit b\u00f6l\u00fcm ve \u00e7atlama olgusu yok ve ayn\u0131 zamanda belirli bir g\u00fc\u00e7 derecesi hissedin, kumun uygun performans gereksinimlerine sahip oldu\u011fu kabul edilir, kum. \u015eekilde g\u00f6sterildi\u011fi gibi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\nKumun nemi do\u011fru oldu\u011funda, el serbest b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir.
Elle yo\u011frularak bir kum topu haline getirilebilir El \u00e7izgilerini temizleyin<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\nPar\u00e7al\u0131 bir \u015fekle sahip k\u0131r\u0131k bo\u015fluklu k\u0131r\u0131k
Ayn\u0131 zamanda yeterli g\u00fc\u00e7 var<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
(3) Kal\u0131plar\u0131n bile\u015fimi<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Kum d\u00f6k\u00fcm \u00fcr\u00fcnleri i\u00e7in kal\u0131plar, par\u00e7an\u0131n \u015fekline g\u00f6re kal\u0131plama malzemesinden yap\u0131l\u0131r ve kal\u0131plar kum veya metal tipi olabilir. Bir kum kal\u0131b\u0131, kumdan (ma\u00e7a kumu) yap\u0131lan kal\u0131plama malzemesinden yap\u0131l\u0131r. Gerekli \u015fekil, boyut ve kalitede d\u00f6k\u00fcmler elde etmek i\u00e7in metal s\u0131v\u0131y\u0131 d\u00f6kmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\nBir kal\u0131p genellikle sa\u011fdaki \u015fekilde g\u00f6sterildi\u011fi gibi bir \u00fcst kal\u0131p, bir alt kal\u0131p, bir ma\u00e7a, bir bo\u015fluk ve bir d\u00f6kme sisteminden olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kal\u0131p bile\u015fenleri aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011flant\u0131 y\u00fczeylerine ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyleri denir. Kal\u0131pta kal\u0131plama malzemesi ile \u00e7evrili bo\u015flu\u011fun bir k\u0131sm\u0131na, yani d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn g\u00f6vdesini olu\u015fturan bo\u015flu\u011fa, bo\u015fluk denir. S\u0131v\u0131 metal, d\u00f6kme sistemi arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla bo\u015flu\u011fa akar ve bo\u015flu\u011fu doldurur ve \u00fcretilen gaz, hava \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 vb. arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla kum kal\u0131b\u0131ndan bo\u015falt\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n1-B\u00f6lme y\u00fczeyi 2-\u00dcst kal\u0131p 3-Hava \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 4-D\u00f6kme sistemi 5-Kavite 6-Alt kal\u0131p
7 \u00c7ekirdekli 8 \u00c7ekirdekli kafa tutucu<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
(4<\/strong>)<\/strong>Yolluk Sistemleri<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n- D\u00f6kme Sistemi D\u00f6kme sistemi, s\u0131v\u0131 metalin bo\u015flu\u011fa akmas\u0131 i\u00e7in kal\u0131pta bulunan bir dizi kanald\u0131r. \u0130\u015flevi \u015fudur:
\u2460 Metal s\u0131v\u0131y\u0131 d\u00fczg\u00fcn ve h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde enjekte edin;
\u2461C\u00fcruf, kum vb. maddelerin bo\u015flu\u011fa girmesini engelleyin;
(iii) So\u011futma ve kat\u0131la\u015fma s\u0131ras\u0131nda s\u0131v\u0131 metalin hacim daralmas\u0131n\u0131 desteklemek i\u00e7in d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn her bir par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyin.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nD\u00f6k\u00fcm sisteminin do\u011fru \u015fekilde ayarlanmas\u0131, d\u00f6k\u00fcmlerin kalitesini sa\u011flamak ve metal t\u00fcketimini azaltmak i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r. D\u00f6kme sistemi makul de\u011filse, d\u00f6k\u00fcmler kum \u00fcfleme, kum delikleri, c\u00fcruf delikleri, d\u00f6k\u00fclmeme, g\u00f6zeneklilik ve b\u00fcz\u00fclme delikleri gibi kusurlara e\u011filimlidir. Tipik d\u00f6kme sistemi d\u00f6rt b\u00f6l\u00fcmden olu\u015fur: a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u015fekilde g\u00f6sterildi\u011fi gibi d\u0131\u015f kap\u0131, d\u00fcz yolluk, \u00e7apraz yolluk ve i\u00e7 yolluk.
Basit \u015fekilli k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck d\u00f6k\u00fcmler i\u00e7in \u00e7apraz yolluk kullan\u0131lmayabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\nTipik d\u00f6k\u00fcm sistemleri<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n- \u0130\u015flevi, enjekte edilen s\u0131v\u0131 metali tutmak ve s\u0131v\u0131 metalin kum kal\u0131b\u0131 \u00fczerindeki etkisini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmakt\u0131r. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck d\u00f6k\u00fcmler genellikle huni \u015feklindedir (yolluk kab\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r), daha b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00f6k\u00fcmler ise le\u011fen \u015feklindedir (yolluk kab\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u2461 D\u00fcz yolluk D\u0131\u015f kap\u0131y\u0131 yatay yolluk ile ba\u011flayan dikey bir kanald\u0131r. D\u00fcz yolluk y\u00fcksekli\u011finin de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi s\u0131v\u0131 metalin statik bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131 ve s\u0131v\u0131 metalin ak\u0131\u015f h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirebilir, b\u00f6ylece s\u0131v\u0131 metalin doldurma kapasitesini de\u011fi\u015ftirebilir. D\u00fcz yolluk y\u00fcksekli\u011fi veya \u00e7ap\u0131 \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fckse, d\u00f6k\u00fcm yetersiz d\u00f6k\u00fclecektir. \u00c7ubu\u011fun \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in, d\u00fcz yolluk genellikle b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00fcst ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir alt ile konik bir \u015fekle getirilir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u2462 \u00c7apraz kanal Metal s\u0131v\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fcz kanaldan i\u00e7 kanala sokmak i\u00e7in yatay bir kanald\u0131r, genellikle kum kal\u0131b\u0131n\u0131n ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyinde a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r ve kesit \u015fekli genellikle y\u00fcksek trapezoidaldir ve i\u00e7 kanal\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnde bulunur. \u00c7apraz kanal\u0131n ana i\u015flevi s\u0131v\u0131 metali i\u00e7 kanala da\u011f\u0131tmak ve c\u00fcrufu bloke etmektir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Do\u011frudan bo\u015flu\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r ve bo\u015flu\u011fa s\u0131v\u0131 metal ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc ve h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 ve d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn her bir par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131n so\u011futma h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyebilir. \u0130\u00e7 yolluklar\u0131n enine kesit \u015fekli genellikle d\u00fcz trapezoidal ve hilal \u015feklindedir ve \u00fc\u00e7gen \u015feklinde de olabilir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Y\u00fckselticiler B\u00fcz\u00fclme ve gev\u015feme gibi yayg\u0131n kusurlar, d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn so\u011fuyup kat\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda hacimsel olarak daralmas\u0131ndan kaynaklan\u0131r. B\u00fcz\u00fclme ve gev\u015femeyi \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in, genellikle y\u00fckselticinin \u00fcst veya kal\u0131n k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcnde. Y\u00fckselticiler, d\u00f6k\u00fcmdeki bo\u015fluklar ve bo\u015fluklara enjekte edilen metaldir. Y\u00fckselticideki s\u0131v\u0131 metal, d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn b\u00fcz\u00fclmesini s\u00fcrekli olarak yenileyebilir, b\u00f6ylece d\u00f6k\u00fcm b\u00fcz\u00fclme deliklerinden ve b\u00fcz\u00fclme gev\u015femesinden ka\u00e7\u0131nabilir. Y\u00fckselticiler gereksizdir ve temizlik s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Y\u00fckselticiler b\u00fcz\u00fclme rol\u00fcn\u00fc tamamlaman\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra egzoz ve c\u00fcruf toplama rol\u00fcn\u00fc de \u00fcstlenir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
(5) Kal\u0131p ve ma\u00e7a sand\u0131\u011f\u0131 imalat\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Kal\u0131p, d\u00f6k\u00fcm \u00fcretiminde gerekli proses ekipman\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130\u00e7 bo\u015fluklu d\u00f6k\u00fcmler i\u00e7in, kum ma\u00e7a taraf\u0131ndan olu\u015fturulan i\u00e7 bo\u015flu\u011fun d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fc ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kum ma\u00e7a i\u00e7in ma\u00e7a kutusunun haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 gerekir. Kal\u0131p ve ma\u00e7a sand\u0131\u011f\u0131 imalat\u0131nda yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lan malzemeler ah\u015fap, metal ve plastiktir. Tek par\u00e7ada, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck seri \u00fcretim, ah\u015fap kal\u0131p ve ma\u00e7a kutusunda, metal veya plastik kal\u0131p, ma\u00e7a kutusunun seri \u00fcretiminde yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Metal kal\u0131p ve ma\u00e7a kutusunun hizmet \u00f6mr\u00fc 100.000 ila 300.000 kat, plasti\u011fin hizmet \u00f6mr\u00fc on binlerce kata kadar \u00e7\u0131karken, ah\u015fap olan sadece yakla\u015f\u0131k 1.000 katt\u0131r. D\u00f6k\u00fcmlerin kalitesini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in, kal\u0131plar\u0131n ve ma\u00e7a kutular\u0131n\u0131n tasar\u0131m\u0131nda ve imalat\u0131nda, bir d\u00f6k\u00fcm i\u015flemi haritas\u0131 tasarlamak ve daha sonra i\u015flem haritas\u0131n\u0131n \u015fekline ve boyutuna g\u00f6re kal\u0131plar ve ma\u00e7a kutular\u0131 \u00fcretmek gerekir. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u015femaya bak\u0131n\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\nBir s\u00fcre\u00e7 haritas\u0131 tasarlarken a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakilerden baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurun:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n- Ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyinin se\u00e7imi Ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyi \u00fcst ve alt kum aras\u0131ndaki aray\u00fczd\u00fcr ve ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyinin se\u00e7imi kal\u0131b\u0131n kumdan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamal\u0131 ve modellemeyi d\u00f6k\u00fcmlerin kalitesini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in uygun ve elveri\u015fli hale getirmelidir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Kal\u0131b\u0131n kum kal\u0131ptan kolayca \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in, ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyine dik olan t\u00fcm y\u00fczeyler 0,5\u00ba\uff5e4\u00ba kal\u0131p \u00e7ekme e\u011fimi ile yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u2462 \u0130\u015fleme pay\u0131 \u0130\u015flenecek d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn y\u00fczeyinde uygun i\u015fleme pay\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u2463 B\u00fcz\u00fclme D\u00f6k\u00fcm so\u011furken b\u00fcz\u00fclmelidir ve kal\u0131b\u0131n boyutu d\u00f6k\u00fcm b\u00fcz\u00fclmesinin etkisini dikkate almal\u0131d\u0131r. Genellikle d\u00f6kme demir par\u00e7alarda y\u00fczde 1 art\u0131\u015f; d\u00f6kme \u00e7elik par\u00e7alarda y\u00fczde 1,5 ila y\u00fczde 2 art\u0131\u015f; al\u00fcminyum ala\u015f\u0131ml\u0131 par\u00e7alarda y\u00fczde 1 ila y\u00fczde 1,5 art\u0131\u015f i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u2464 D\u00f6k\u00fcm yuvarlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f k\u00f6\u015feler Modellemeyi kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak ve d\u00f6k\u00fcm kalitesini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in d\u00f6k\u00fcmdeki her y\u00fczeyin t\u00fcm d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f noktalar\u0131 ge\u00e7i\u015fli yuvarlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f k\u00f6\u015feler haline getirilmelidir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- (6) Ma\u00e7a kafas\u0131 Ma\u00e7al\u0131 kum kal\u0131plar\u0131 i\u00e7in kal\u0131p \u00fczerine uygun bir ma\u00e7a kafas\u0131 yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Modelleme y\u00f6ntemleri<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\nKal\u0131plama y\u00f6nteminin se\u00e7imi sadece \u00fcretim t\u00fcr\u00fcne g\u00f6re de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda fabrika ekipman ko\u015fullar\u0131na, d\u00f6k\u00fcm boyutuna ve karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve kalite gereksinimlerine g\u00f6re birlikte izlenmelidir. Kal\u0131plama y\u00f6ntemleri iki kategoriye ayr\u0131labilir: manuel ve makine kal\u0131plama.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
El kal\u0131plama esas olarak tek par\u00e7al\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck seri \u00fcretim i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131rken, makine kal\u0131plama esas olarak b\u00fcy\u00fck seri \u00fcretim i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(1). El modellemesi<\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n- (A) Entegre kal\u0131plaman\u0131n \u00f6zellikleri \u015funlard\u0131r: kal\u0131p entegre bir yap\u0131d\u0131r, en b\u00fcy\u00fck kesit kal\u0131b\u0131n bir ucunda d\u00fczd\u00fcr; ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyleri \u00e7o\u011funlukla d\u00fczd\u00fcr; ve i\u015flem basittir. B\u00fct\u00fcn kal\u0131p, diskler ve kapaklar gibi basit \u015fekillere sahip d\u00f6k\u00fcmler i\u00e7in uygundur.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- (B) B\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f kal\u0131pla kal\u0131plaman\u0131n \u00f6zellikleri \u015funlard\u0131r: kal\u0131plar ayr\u0131l\u0131r ve kal\u0131plar\u0131n ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f y\u00fczeyi (ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyi olarak bilinir), kal\u0131p kald\u0131rmay\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kal\u0131plar\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck kesiti olmal\u0131d\u0131r. B\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f kal\u0131pla kal\u0131plama i\u015flemi temelde tam kal\u0131pla kal\u0131plama i\u015flemine benzer, aradaki fark \u00fcst kal\u0131b\u0131 yaparken iki i\u015flemin eklenmesidir, yani \u00fcst kal\u0131b\u0131n yerle\u015ftirilmesi ve \u00fcst yar\u0131m kal\u0131b\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131. Ayr\u0131k kal\u0131plama man\u015fonlar, borular ve valf g\u00f6vdeleri gibi karma\u015f\u0131k \u015fekillere sahip d\u00f6k\u00fcmler i\u00e7in uygundur.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- (C) \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilir veya hareketli par\u00e7a \u00fczerindeki canl\u0131 blok kal\u0131plama kal\u0131b\u0131na canl\u0131 blok denir. Kal\u0131b\u0131n yan taraf\u0131nda par\u00e7ay\u0131 uzatmak i\u00e7in bir engel oldu\u011funda (k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir t\u0131rnak gibi), par\u00e7a genellikle canl\u0131 bir blok haline getirilir. Kal\u0131p kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, \u00f6nce kal\u0131b\u0131n ana g\u00f6vdesi \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131r ve daha sonra d\u00f6k\u00fcmde kalan canl\u0131 blok ayr\u0131 olarak \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131r, bu y\u00f6nteme canl\u0131 blok kal\u0131plama denir. Canl\u0131 blok kal\u0131b\u0131 \u00e7ivilerle ba\u011flanarak kal\u0131plan\u0131rken, canl\u0131 blo\u011fun etraf\u0131ndaki kumun \u00f6nce s\u0131k\u0131ca doldurulmas\u0131na ve daha sonra \u00e7ivilerin \u00e7ekilmesine dikkat edilmelidir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- (D) kal\u0131plama ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131sal \u00f6zelliklerine g\u00f6re d\u00f6k\u00fcm yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, ancak ko\u015fullar nedeniyle (kal\u0131p \u00e7ok ince, kal\u0131p yapmak zor gibi) hala b\u00fct\u00fcn bir kal\u0131p haline getirildi\u011finde, kal\u0131plamay\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in alt ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyinin kavisli bir y\u00fczeye kaz\u0131lmas\u0131 veya merdivenin \u015feklinde y\u00fcksek ve al\u00e7ak de\u011fi\u015fikliklere sahip olmas\u0131 gerekir (d\u00fczensiz ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyi olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r), bu y\u00f6nteme kum kal\u0131plama denir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- (F) \u00dc\u00e7 kutu kal\u0131plama D\u00f6k\u00fcm \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in \u00fc\u00e7 kum kutusu kullanma i\u015flemine \u00fc\u00e7 kutu kal\u0131plama denir. Yukar\u0131da bahsedilen t\u00fcm kal\u0131plama y\u00f6ntemleri, kullan\u0131m\u0131 kolay ve yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lan iki kum kutusu kullan\u0131r. Bununla birlikte, kesit boyutunun iki ucunun orta kesitten daha b\u00fcy\u00fck olmas\u0131 gibi baz\u0131 d\u00f6k\u00fcmlerde, kal\u0131ptan s\u0131ras\u0131yla iki y\u00f6nden \u00fc\u00e7 kum kutusu kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- (G) s\u0131y\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 kal\u0131plama boyutu 500 mm'den b\u00fcy\u00fck kasnaklar, volanlar, b\u00fcy\u00fck di\u015fliler ve di\u011fer tek \u00fcretim gibi d\u00f6nen g\u00f6vde d\u00f6k\u00fcmleri, ah\u015faptan, kal\u0131p i\u015fleme s\u00fcresinden ve maliyetten tasarruf etmek i\u00e7in s\u0131y\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 kal\u0131plama kullan\u0131labilir. Kaz\u0131y\u0131c\u0131, d\u00f6k\u00fcm b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn \u015fekline uygun bir tahta par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. Kal\u0131plama s\u0131ras\u0131nda, s\u0131y\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 sabit bir merkezi eksen etraf\u0131nda d\u00f6ner ve kum kal\u0131b\u0131ndaki gerekli bo\u015flu\u011fu s\u0131y\u0131r\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- (H) Kukla kutu kal\u0131plama, kum kazma kal\u0131plamas\u0131nda kaz\u0131lan kumun yerine prefabrik \u015fekilli bir taban plakas\u0131 veya kukla kutu kullan\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- (I) \u00c7ukur kal\u0131plama D\u00f6k\u00fcmhanede do\u011frudan kum zemin \u00fczerinde veya kum \u00e7ukurunda kal\u0131plama y\u00f6ntemine \u00e7ukur kal\u0131plama denir. B\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00f6k\u00fcmler tek par\u00e7a halinde \u00fcretildi\u011finde, kum havuzundan tasarruf etmek, d\u00f6k\u00fcm y\u00fcksekli\u011fini azaltmak ve d\u00f6kme i\u015flemlerini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in genellikle \u00e7ukur kal\u0131plama kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \u00c7ukur kal\u0131plama yap\u0131s\u0131, d\u00f6k\u00fcm s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00e7ukurdaki gaz\u0131 zeminden, genellikle kok, c\u00fcruf ve di\u011fer nefes alabilen malzemelerin taban\u0131ndan sorunsuz bir \u015fekilde d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karabilir ve gaz\u0131 demir borudan d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131rken kal\u0131plaman\u0131n dikkate al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
(2). Makine modellemesi<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Manuel kal\u0131plama verimlili\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr, d\u00f6k\u00fcmlerin y\u00fczey kalitesi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr, y\u00fcksek teknik seviyeye sahip i\u015f\u00e7i gereksinimi, emek yo\u011funlu\u011fu, bu nedenle seri \u00fcretimde genellikle makine kal\u0131plamada kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Makine kal\u0131plama---- mekanizasyona ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in kum s\u0131kma ve kal\u0131plama i\u015fleminin ana i\u015flemidir. Kum s\u0131kma ve kal\u0131p ba\u015flatman\u0131n farkl\u0131 yollar\u0131na g\u00f6re, pn\u00f6matik mikro titre\u015fimli s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma kal\u0131plama, at\u0131\u015f bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 kal\u0131plama, y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 kal\u0131plama ve kum atma kal\u0131plama vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n- (A) pn\u00f6matik mikro titre\u015fim s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma kal\u0131plama titre\u015fim (frekans 150 ~ 500 kez \/ dak, genlik 25-80mm) - s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma - mikro titre\u015fim (frekans 700 ~ 1000 kez \/ dak, genlik 5 ~ l0mm) s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f kum kullan\u0131l\u0131r. l0mm) kal\u0131plama kumunu s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in. Bu t\u00fcr bir kal\u0131plama makinesi daha az g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcye, kumun e\u015fit \u015fekilde s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na ve y\u00fcksek \u00fcretkenli\u011fe sahiptir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- (B) Enjeksiyon kal\u0131plama, ilk s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma i\u00e7in bo\u015flu\u011fa kum p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtmek i\u00e7in bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 hava kullan\u0131m\u0131 ile karakterize edilir ve daha sonra s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma pistonu kum modelini tekrar s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r, kum modeli ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra, \u00f6n ve arka iki kum modeli aras\u0131ndaki temas y\u00fczeyi ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyidir. Enjeksiyon kal\u0131plaman\u0131n d\u00f6k\u00fcm boyutu do\u011frudur, y\u00fczey p\u00fcr\u00fczl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckt\u00fcr ve \u00fcretkenlik y\u00fcksektir. Saatte 240-300 kal\u0131p \u00fcretebilir ve genellikle k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve orta \u00f6l\u00e7ekli d\u00f6k\u00fcmlerin seri \u00fcretiminde kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- (C) Y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 kal\u0131plama, kum kal\u0131b\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7 \u00fcretmek \u00fczere bir hidrolik sistem kullan\u0131r. Hassas d\u00f6k\u00fcm boyutlar\u0131, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck y\u00fczey p\u00fcr\u00fczl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve y\u00fcksek verimlilik ile karakterize edilir. Y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 kal\u0131plama, daha karma\u015f\u0131k \u015fekillere sahip k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve orta \u00f6l\u00e7ekli d\u00f6k\u00fcmler, \u00e7oklu \u00e7e\u015fitler ve orta \u00f6l\u00e7ekli partiler veya daha fazlas\u0131 i\u00e7in uygundur.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- (D) Kum f\u0131rlatma kal\u0131plama, kum kal\u0131b\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in konvey\u00f6r bant taraf\u0131ndan ta\u015f\u0131nan kumu y\u00fcksek h\u0131zda a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 atmak i\u00e7in y\u00fcksek h\u0131zl\u0131 d\u00f6nen b\u0131\u00e7a\u011f\u0131 kullanmakt\u0131r. Kum f\u0131rlatma kal\u0131plama g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir uyarlanabilirli\u011fe sahiptir, \u00f6zel kum kutusu ve \u015fablon gerektirmez ve b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00f6k\u00fcmlerin tek par\u00e7a ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck parti \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in uygundur.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
karotlama<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\nD\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn i\u00e7 bo\u015flu\u011funu veya lokal \u015feklini elde etmek i\u00e7in, ma\u00e7a kumu veya di\u011fer malzemelerden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, ma\u00e7a ad\u0131 verilen d\u00f6k\u00fcm elemanlar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7indeki bo\u015flu\u011fa yerle\u015ftirilir. Ma\u00e7alar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu ma\u00e7a kumundan yap\u0131l\u0131r. Ma\u00e7an\u0131n kalitesi esas olarak nitelikli ma\u00e7a kumunun haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131na ve do\u011fru ma\u00e7a yap\u0131m s\u00fcrecinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kum \u00e7ekirde\u011fi y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131ktaki s\u0131v\u0131 metalin etkisiyle d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcrken ve \u00e7evrelenirken, i\u00e7 bo\u015flu\u011fun kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelen \u015feklinin d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fc ile kum \u00e7ekirde\u011finin gereksinimlerine ek olarak, daha iyi bir ge\u00e7irgenli\u011fe, refrakterli\u011fe, tavizlere, mukavemete ve di\u011fer \u00f6zelliklere sahip olmal\u0131d\u0131r, bu nedenle \u00e7ekirdek kumu form\u00fcle etmek i\u00e7in az safs\u0131zl\u0131k ve bitkisel ya\u011f, su barda\u011f\u0131 ve di\u011fer ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131lara sahip kuvars kumu se\u00e7meliyiz ve kum \u00e7ekirde\u011finde metal \u00e7ekirdek kemi\u011fine ve mukavemeti ve ge\u00e7irgenli\u011fi art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in havaland\u0131rma deliklerini ba\u011flamal\u0131y\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Basit \u015fekilli b\u00fcy\u00fck ve orta boy ma\u00e7alar kil kumu ile \u00fcretilebilir. Ancak, karma\u015f\u0131k \u015fekillere ve y\u00fcksek performans gereksinimlerine sahip ma\u00e7alar i\u00e7in, bunlar\u0131 form\u00fcle etmek \u00fczere ya\u011f kumu, gres kumu ve re\u00e7ine kumu gibi \u00f6zel ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131lar kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Buna ek olarak, ma\u00e7a kumunun d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck higroskopiklik (kutuyu kapatt\u0131ktan sonra ma\u00e7an\u0131n neme d\u00f6nmesini \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in); daha az gazlama (metal d\u00f6k\u00fcld\u00fckten sonra, ma\u00e7a malzemesi \u0131s\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca az gaz \u00fcretmelidir); ve iyi z\u0131mparalama (temizlik s\u0131ras\u0131nda ma\u00e7an\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in) gibi baz\u0131 \u00f6zel \u00f6zelliklere de sahip olmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ma\u00e7alar genellikle ma\u00e7a kutular\u0131ndan yap\u0131l\u0131r ve a\u00e7\u0131k ma\u00e7a kutusu ma\u00e7a yap\u0131m\u0131, yuvarlak kesitli daha karma\u015f\u0131k ma\u00e7alar i\u00e7in yayg\u0131n bir manuel ma\u00e7a yap\u0131m y\u00f6ntemidir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\nFolyo \u00e7ekirdek kutu \u00e7ekirdek yap\u0131m\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n(a) Ma\u00e7a kutusunu haz\u0131rlay\u0131n (b) Ma\u00e7a kutusunu kelep\u00e7eleyin, s\u0131rayla ma\u00e7a kumu ve ma\u00e7a kemi\u011fi ekleyin, kumu d\u00f6v\u00fcn (c) Havaland\u0131rma deliklerini kaz\u0131y\u0131n ve ba\u011flay\u0131n (d) Kelep\u00e7eleri gev\u015fetin, ma\u00e7a kutusuna vurun (e) Ma\u00e7a kutusunu a\u00e7\u0131n, kum ma\u00e7ay\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131n ve boyay\u0131 uygulay\u0131n<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Modellemenin temel i\u015flemleri<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\nBir\u00e7ok kal\u0131plama y\u00f6ntemi vard\u0131r, ancak bunlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu kum vurma, kal\u0131p ba\u015flatma, kal\u0131p onarma ve kutu kapatmay\u0131 i\u00e7erir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(1) bak<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nAh\u015fap, metal veya di\u011fer malzemelerden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn orijinal \u015fekli topluca kal\u0131p olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r ve d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn bo\u015flu\u011funu olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Ah\u015fap kal\u0131p olarak bilinen ah\u015fap kal\u0131ptan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, metal kal\u0131p veya plastik kal\u0131p olarak bilinen metal veya plastik kal\u0131ptan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. \u015eu anda \u00e7o\u011fu fabrika ah\u015fap kal\u0131p kullanmaktad\u0131r. Kal\u0131b\u0131n \u015fekli d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn \u015fekline benzer, aradaki fark, kal\u0131pta delikler gibi d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn sadece deliksiz kat\u0131 olmas\u0131 de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda ma\u00e7a ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 yapmak i\u00e7in kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelen konumda olmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(2) Kal\u0131plama \u00f6ncesi haz\u0131rl\u0131k<\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n- \u2460 Kal\u0131plama aletlerini haz\u0131rlay\u0131n, d\u00fcz bir taban plakas\u0131 ve uygun boyutta bir kum kutusu se\u00e7in. Kum kutusu \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fckse, sadece \u00e7ok fazla kum t\u00fcketmekle kalmayacak, ayn\u0131 zamanda kum vurma s\u00fcresini de bo\u015fa harcayacakt\u0131r. Kum kutusu \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckse, ah\u015fap kal\u0131b\u0131n etraf\u0131ndaki kum s\u0131k\u0131ca d\u00f6v\u00fclmeyecek ve s\u0131v\u0131 metal, d\u00f6kme s\u0131ras\u0131nda ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyinden, yani ara y\u00fczeyler aras\u0131ndan kolayca d\u0131\u015far\u0131 akacakt\u0131r. Genellikle, ah\u015fap kal\u0131p ile i\u00e7 duvar ve kum kutusunun \u00fcst\u00fc aras\u0131ndaki mesafe 30 ~ 100 mm olmal\u0131d\u0131r, buna kum yeme miktar\u0131 denir. Bu mesafe kum yeme kapasitesi olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Kum yeme kapasitesinin spesifik de\u011feri ah\u015fap kal\u0131b\u0131n boyutuna ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u2461 Kal\u0131p kumunun ah\u015fap kal\u0131ba yap\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 ve kal\u0131b\u0131 kald\u0131r\u0131rken bo\u015flu\u011fa zarar vermesini \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in ah\u015fap kal\u0131b\u0131 temizleyin.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u2462 Ah\u015fap kal\u0131b\u0131 yerle\u015ftirirken, ah\u015fap kal\u0131p \u00fczerindeki e\u011fimin y\u00f6n\u00fcne dikkat edin ve yanl\u0131\u015f yere koymay\u0131n.\u3002<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
\uff083)<\/strong>yar\u0131m kilo kum<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n- \u2460 D\u00f6vme kumu kuma a\u015famal\u0131 olarak eklenmelidir. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kum kutusu i\u00e7in her seferinde yakla\u015f\u0131k 50 ~ 70 mm kum kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 eklenmelidir. \u00e7ok fazla kum d\u00f6vmek s\u0131k\u0131 de\u011fildir ve \u00e7ok az kum ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma saati maliyeti. \u0130lk kez kum eklerken, ah\u015fap kal\u0131b\u0131n kum kutusundaki konumunun hareket etmesini \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in ah\u015fap kal\u0131b\u0131n etraf\u0131ndaki kum elle s\u0131k\u0131ca bast\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Daha sonra kum vurma \u00e7ekicinin sivri ucunu kullanarak a\u015famal\u0131 olarak s\u0131k\u0131ca vurun ve son olarak kum vurma \u00e7ekicinin d\u00fcz ucunu kullanarak kumun \u00fcst katman\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131ca vurun.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u2461 Kuma vurma i\u015flemi belirli bir rotada ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmelidir. S\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n farkl\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131ndan ka\u00e7\u0131nmak i\u00e7in biraz do\u011fuya, biraz bat\u0131ya kaotik bir vuru\u015f yapmay\u0131n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Kuma vurma uygun olmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7ok fazla kuvvet, kum \u00e7ok s\u0131k\u0131d\u0131r, gaz\u0131n bo\u015flu\u011funu d\u00f6kerek d\u0131\u015far\u0131 akamaz. \u00c7ok az kuvvet, kum \u00e7ok gev\u015fektir ve kutunun \u00e7\u00f6kmesi kolayd\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 kumun her bir par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 farkl\u0131d\u0131r, kum kutusunun i\u00e7 duvar\u0131na yak\u0131n olan kum, kutunun \u00e7\u00f6kmesini \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in s\u0131k\u0131ca d\u00f6v\u00fclmelidir. Bo\u015fluk k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n yak\u0131n\u0131nda, kum s\u0131v\u0131 metal bas\u0131nc\u0131na dayanmak i\u00e7in biraz daha s\u0131k\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Hava ge\u00e7irgenli\u011fini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kum tabakas\u0131n\u0131n bo\u015flu\u011fundan uzakta uygun \u015fekilde gev\u015fek olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u2463 Kumu d\u00f6verken, \u00e7ekicin ah\u015fap kal\u0131ba \u00e7arpmas\u0131 \u00f6nlenmelidir. Genellikle \u00e7eki\u00e7 ile ah\u015fap kal\u0131p aras\u0131ndaki mesafe 20-40 mm'dir, aksi takdirde ah\u015fap kal\u0131ba zarar vermek kolayd\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
\uff084) <\/strong>kum serpin<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n Kum modelini olu\u015fturmadan \u00f6nce, \u00fcst ve alt kum kutular\u0131n\u0131n birbirine yap\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 ve kutunun a\u00e7\u0131lmamas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyine ince taneli, kil i\u00e7ermeyen kuru kum (yani kum) serpilmelidir. Kum serpilirken, el kum kutusundan biraz daha yukar\u0131da olmal\u0131, d\u00f6nerken, sallan\u0131rken, b\u00f6ylece kum parmak \u00e7atlaklar\u0131ndan yava\u015f\u00e7a ve e\u015fit bir \u015fekilde a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya do\u011fru da\u011f\u0131lmal\u0131, ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyinde ince bir \u015fekilde kaplanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Son olarak, ah\u015fap kal\u0131p ay\u0131rma kumundan \u00fcflenmelidir, b\u00f6ylece kum modelinde yapmamak i\u00e7in, ay\u0131rma kumu kum modelinin y\u00fczeyine yap\u0131\u015f\u0131r ve s\u0131v\u0131 metalin d\u00f6k\u00fclmesinde d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn i\u00e7ine y\u0131kan\u0131r, b\u00f6ylece kusurlar \u00fcretir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(5)<\/strong>bir delik a\u00e7mak<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n Kumun iyi hava ge\u00e7irgenli\u011fine sahip olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flaman\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, ayn\u0131 zamanda kumda havaland\u0131rma deliklerini ba\u011flamak i\u00e7in bir havaland\u0131rma i\u011fnesi ile d\u00fcz bir \u015fekilde d\u00f6v\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ve kaz\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, b\u00f6ylece d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcrken gaz\u0131n ka\u00e7mas\u0131 kolayd\u0131r. Havaland\u0131rma delikleri dikey ve e\u015fit da\u011f\u0131l\u0131ml\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(6)<\/strong>a\u00e7\u0131k kap\u0131<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n D\u0131\u015f kap\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck ucunda 60-80 mm \u00e7apa sahip 60\u00b0'lik bir koni \u015feklinde kaz\u0131lmal\u0131 ve kap\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczeyi parlat\u0131lmal\u0131 ve s\u0131v\u0131 metalin kum kal\u0131b\u0131na d\u00fczg\u00fcn bir \u015fekilde akmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in d\u00fcz yollukla ba\u011flant\u0131 yuvarlak bir ge\u00e7i\u015f \u015feklinde yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. D\u0131\u015f kap\u0131 \u00e7ok s\u0131\u011f kaz\u0131l\u0131r ve disk \u015fekline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrse, s\u0131v\u0131 metal etrafa s\u0131\u00e7rayacak ve d\u00f6kme s\u0131ras\u0131nda insanlara zarar verecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(7)<\/strong>Kapan\u0131\u015f konu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 yapmak<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n \u00dcst ve alt kum havuzlar\u0131n\u0131n yerle\u015ftirme pimleri yoksa, \u00fcst ve alt kum kal\u0131plar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lmadan \u00f6nce kum havuzunun duvar\u0131na bir kapan\u0131\u015f \u00e7izgisi \u00e7izilmelidir. Bunun en basit yolu, kutunun duvar\u0131na tebe\u015fir tozu s\u00fcrmek ve ard\u0131ndan ince bir \u00e7izgi \u00e7izmek i\u00e7in bir i\u011fne kullanmakt\u0131r. Kum kutusunu pi\u015firmek i\u00e7in f\u0131r\u0131na girmeniz gerekir, kum kili kum kutusu duvar\u0131na yap\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r, bir s\u0131vac\u0131 b\u0131\u00e7a\u011f\u0131 ile \u00e7orap d\u00fczle\u015ftirilir ve ard\u0131ndan \u00e7amur numaras\u0131 olarak bilinen \u00e7izgi oyulur. \u00c7izgi, x ve y y\u00f6nlerinin konumland\u0131r\u0131labilmesini sa\u011flamak ve kumun d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131rlayabilmek i\u00e7in kum kutusunun duvar\u0131ndaki iki dik a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131 kenar\u0131n en uzak noktas\u0131na yerle\u015ftirilmelidir. Kutuyu kapat\u0131rken hata yapmamak i\u00e7in iki yerdeki \u00e7izgi say\u0131s\u0131 e\u015fit olmamal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7izgi bitti\u011finde, kal\u0131b\u0131 ba\u015flatmak i\u00e7in kutuyu a\u00e7abilirsiniz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(8)<\/strong>bir kal\u0131p almak<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n- \u2460 Kal\u0131b\u0131 almadan \u00f6nce, su f\u0131r\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131 bir miktar suya bat\u0131r\u0131n ve kal\u0131b\u0131 al\u0131rken kum bo\u015flu\u011funun zarar g\u00f6rmesini \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in ah\u015fap kal\u0131b\u0131n etraf\u0131ndaki kumu f\u0131r\u00e7alay\u0131n. F\u0131r\u00e7a suyu bir f\u0131r\u00e7a olmal\u0131, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 yerel sudan ka\u00e7\u0131nmak ve d\u00f6k\u00fcm s\u0131ras\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarda su buhar\u0131 \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in su f\u0131r\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131n belirli bir yerde kalmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamay\u0131n, b\u00f6ylece d\u00f6k\u00fcm g\u00f6zeneklilik kusurlar\u0131 \u00fcretir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u2461 Kal\u0131p ba\u015flatma piminin konumu m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca ah\u015fap kal\u0131b\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k merkezi ile \u00e7ak\u0131\u015fmal\u0131d\u0131r. Kal\u0131b\u0131 ba\u015flatmadan \u00f6nce, ah\u015fap kal\u0131b\u0131 gev\u015fetmek ve kal\u0131b\u0131 ba\u015flatmay\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kal\u0131p ba\u015flatma piminin alt k\u0131sm\u0131na hafif\u00e7e vurmak i\u00e7in k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir \u00e7eki\u00e7 kullan\u0131n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u2462 Kal\u0131b\u0131 kald\u0131r\u0131rken, ah\u015fap kal\u0131b\u0131 yava\u015f\u00e7a dikey olarak kald\u0131r\u0131n, ah\u015fap kal\u0131p tamamen kald\u0131r\u0131lmak \u00fczereyken h\u0131zl\u0131ca \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131n. Kal\u0131b\u0131 kald\u0131r\u0131rken e\u011filmemesine ve sallanmamas\u0131na dikkat edin.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
(9) <\/strong>manik\u00fcr<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n Kal\u0131p \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra, bo\u015fluk hasar g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015fse, bo\u015flu\u011fun \u015fekline ve hasar\u0131n derecesine g\u00f6re her t\u00fcrl\u00fc onar\u0131m aleti do\u011fru \u015fekilde kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bo\u015flu\u011fun hasar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fckse, ah\u015fap kal\u0131p onarmak i\u00e7in bo\u015flu\u011fa geri konulabilir ve ard\u0131ndan tekrar \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(10)<\/strong>bir dosyay\u0131 kapat\u0131n<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n Kutunun kapat\u0131lmas\u0131, kum kal\u0131b\u0131n\u0131n kalitesinde \u00f6nemli bir rol oynayan son kal\u0131plama i\u015flemidir. Kutuyu kapatmadan \u00f6nce, kum kal\u0131b\u0131nda herhangi bir hasar ve gev\u015fek kum olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve kap\u0131n\u0131n kesilip kesilmedi\u011fi dikkatlice kontrol edilmelidir. Ma\u00e7ay\u0131 yerle\u015ftirmek istiyorsan\u0131z, ma\u00e7an\u0131n kuru olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, herhangi bir hasar olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve havaland\u0131rma deliklerinin t\u0131kal\u0131 olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol etmelisiniz. Ma\u00e7an\u0131n kum kal\u0131b\u0131ndaki konumu, d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn do\u011frulu\u011funu etkilememek ve d\u00f6kme s\u0131ras\u0131nda s\u0131v\u0131 metal taraf\u0131ndan y\u0131kanmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in do\u011fru ve sabit olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Kutuyu kapat\u0131rken, seviyeyi a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da tutmak i\u00e7in \u00fcst kum kutusuna dikkat edilmeli ve yanl\u0131\u015f kutuyu \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in kapatma \u00e7izgisi ile hizalanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Kutuyu kapatt\u0131ktan sonra, yolluk i\u00e7ine kum veya d\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fc d\u00fc\u015fmesini \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in yolluk \u00fczerini ka\u011f\u0131t veya tahta par\u00e7as\u0131 ile \u00f6rtmek daha iyidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
D\u00f6k\u00fcm d\u00f6kme pozisyonu ve ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyi se\u00e7imi<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
(1) Kal\u0131plama kumu ve ma\u00e7a kumunun haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nKum d\u00f6k\u00fcm i\u00e7in kal\u0131plama malzemeleri esas olarak kum kal\u0131b\u0131 yapmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan kum ve kum ma\u00e7as\u0131 yapmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan ma\u00e7a kumudur. Kum genellikle ham kum (da\u011f kumu veya nehir kumu), kil ve belirli bir oranda kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f sudan yap\u0131l\u0131r; bunun yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fczde 9'u kil, yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fczde 6's\u0131 su, geri kalan\u0131 ham kumdur. Bazen kumun ve ma\u00e7a kumunun performans\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in k\u00f6m\u00fcr tozu, bitkisel ya\u011f, tala\u015f vb. gibi az miktarda katk\u0131 maddesi eklenir. S\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f kumun yap\u0131s\u0131 \u015fekilde g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\nKum yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u015fematik diyagram\u0131 1 - kum taneleri 2 - bo\u015fluklar
3 - Ata\u015fman 4 - Kil membran<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
Ma\u00e7a kumu, talebin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olmas\u0131 nedeniyle genellikle elle haz\u0131rlanmaktad\u0131r.
Ma\u00e7an\u0131n sert oldu\u011fu ortam, bu nedenle ma\u00e7a kumu performans gereksinimleri y\u00fcksek kumdan daha y\u00fcksekken, ma\u00e7a kumu ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 (kil, ya\u011f, vb.) kumdaki ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 oran\u0131ndan daha b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr, bu nedenle ge\u00e7irgenli\u011fi kum kadar iyi de\u011fildir, ma\u00e7a nefes alabilen bir kanal (delikler) yapmak i\u00e7in yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r; ah\u015fap tala\u015f\u0131 gibi katk\u0131 maddeleri eklemek i\u00e7in eklenecek ma\u00e7an\u0131n verimini art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in.
Baz\u0131 zorlu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck d\u00f6k\u00fcmler genellikle ya\u011fl\u0131 kum \u00e7ekirdeklerle yap\u0131l\u0131r (tung ya\u011f\u0131 + kum, sar\u0131ms\u0131 kahverengi bir renge kadar pi\u015firilir).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(2) Kum tipinin \u00f6zellikleri<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nKumun kalitesi d\u00f6k\u00fcmlerin kalitesini do\u011frudan etkiler, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck kum kalitesi kum d\u00f6k\u00fcm \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin g\u00f6zeneklilik, trahom, yap\u0131\u015fkan kum, kum ve di\u011fer kusurlar\u0131 \u00fcretmesine neden olur. \u0130yi kum a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u00f6zelliklere sahip olmal\u0131d\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n- \u2460 Gaz ge\u00e7irgenli\u011fi Kal\u0131p kumunun gaz ge\u00e7irme performans\u0131na gaz ge\u00e7irgenli\u011fi denir. D\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn i\u00e7ine d\u00f6k\u00fclen y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131ktaki metal, \u00e7ok say\u0131da gazla doldurulur, bu gazlar p\u00fcr\u00fczs\u00fcz de\u015farj\u0131n d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcnden d\u00f6k\u00fclmelidir, aksi takdirde d\u00f6k\u00fcm g\u00f6zeneklilik, alt d\u00f6kme ve di\u011fer kusurlar\u0131 \u00fcretecektir. Kum partik\u00fcl boyutu, kil i\u00e7eri\u011fi, nem i\u00e7eri\u011fi ve kum kompaktl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve di\u011fer fakt\u00f6rlere g\u00f6re d\u00f6k\u00fcm hava ge\u00e7irgenli\u011fi. Kum partik\u00fcl boyutu ne kadar ince olursa, kil ve nem i\u00e7eri\u011fi ne kadar y\u00fcksek olursa, kum kompaktl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ne kadar y\u00fcksek olursa, hava ge\u00e7irgenli\u011fi o kadar k\u00f6t\u00fc olur.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u2461 Mukavemet Kumun d\u0131\u015f hasarlara kar\u015f\u0131 koyma kabiliyetine mukavemet denir. Kum, kal\u0131plama, ta\u015f\u0131ma ve kutuyu kapatma s\u00fcrecinde \u00e7\u00f6kmeye neden olmamak ve d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcrken d\u00f6k\u00fcm y\u00fczeyine zarar vermemek i\u00e7in yeterince y\u00fcksek mukavemete sahip olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Kumun mukavemeti \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek olmamal\u0131d\u0131r, aksi takdirde hava ge\u00e7irgenli\u011finin ve tavizlerin azalmas\u0131 nedeniyle d\u00f6k\u00fcm kusurlu olacakt\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Refrakterlik, kumun y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve \u0131s\u0131ya dayanma kabiliyetini ifade eder. Refrakterlik zay\u0131fsa, d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn yap\u0131\u015fkan kum \u00fcretmesi kolayd\u0131r. Kumdaki SiO2 i\u00e7eri\u011fi ne kadar fazla olursa, kum par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131 ne kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck olursa, refrakterlik o kadar iyi olur.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Kumun d\u0131\u015f kuvvet etkisi alt\u0131nda deforme olma ve d\u0131\u015f kuvvet kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra mevcut \u015fekli koruma yetene\u011fini ifade eder. \u0130yi plastisite, kolay kal\u0131plama i\u015flemi, do\u011fru \u015fekil ve kum kal\u0131b\u0131n\u0131n net konturu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u2464 \u0130mtiyaz D\u00f6k\u00fcm yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kal\u0131p kumunun s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lma kabiliyeti. \u0130mtiyazl\u0131l\u0131k iyi de\u011filse, d\u00f6k\u00fcm i\u00e7 gerilime veya \u00e7atlamaya e\u011filimlidir. Kum ne kadar s\u0131k\u0131 olursa, imtiyazl\u0131l\u0131k o kadar k\u00f6t\u00fc olur. Kal\u0131p kumuna odun tala\u015f\u0131 eklemek imtiyazl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 art\u0131rabilir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
At\u00f6lyedeki kum d\u00f6k\u00fcm \u00fcr\u00fcn tedarik\u00e7ilerinin tek par\u00e7a k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck seri \u00fcretiminde, kumun baz\u0131 \u00f6zelliklerini kabaca de\u011ferlendirmek i\u00e7in yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lan el \u00e7imdikleme y\u00f6ntemi, \u00f6rne\u011fin bir avu\u00e7 kum kapmak, \u00e7imdik yumu\u015fak ve deforme olmas\u0131 kolay hissetmek; k\u00fctle gev\u015fek olmad\u0131ktan sonra kumu b\u0131rak\u0131n, ele yap\u0131\u015fmay\u0131n ve el izlerini temizleyin; k\u0131r\u0131n, d\u00fcz ve e\u015fit b\u00f6l\u00fcm ve \u00e7atlama olgusu yok ve ayn\u0131 zamanda belirli bir g\u00fc\u00e7 derecesi hissedin, kumun uygun performans gereksinimlerine sahip oldu\u011fu kabul edilir, kum. \u015eekilde g\u00f6sterildi\u011fi gibi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\nKumun nemi do\u011fru oldu\u011funda, el serbest b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir.
Elle yo\u011frularak bir kum topu haline getirilebilir El \u00e7izgilerini temizleyin<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\nPar\u00e7al\u0131 bir \u015fekle sahip k\u0131r\u0131k bo\u015fluklu k\u0131r\u0131k
Ayn\u0131 zamanda yeterli g\u00fc\u00e7 var<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
(3) Kal\u0131plar\u0131n bile\u015fimi<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Kum d\u00f6k\u00fcm \u00fcr\u00fcnleri i\u00e7in kal\u0131plar, par\u00e7an\u0131n \u015fekline g\u00f6re kal\u0131plama malzemesinden yap\u0131l\u0131r ve kal\u0131plar kum veya metal tipi olabilir. Bir kum kal\u0131b\u0131, kumdan (ma\u00e7a kumu) yap\u0131lan kal\u0131plama malzemesinden yap\u0131l\u0131r. Gerekli \u015fekil, boyut ve kalitede d\u00f6k\u00fcmler elde etmek i\u00e7in metal s\u0131v\u0131y\u0131 d\u00f6kmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\nBir kal\u0131p genellikle sa\u011fdaki \u015fekilde g\u00f6sterildi\u011fi gibi bir \u00fcst kal\u0131p, bir alt kal\u0131p, bir ma\u00e7a, bir bo\u015fluk ve bir d\u00f6kme sisteminden olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kal\u0131p bile\u015fenleri aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011flant\u0131 y\u00fczeylerine ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyleri denir. Kal\u0131pta kal\u0131plama malzemesi ile \u00e7evrili bo\u015flu\u011fun bir k\u0131sm\u0131na, yani d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn g\u00f6vdesini olu\u015fturan bo\u015flu\u011fa, bo\u015fluk denir. S\u0131v\u0131 metal, d\u00f6kme sistemi arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla bo\u015flu\u011fa akar ve bo\u015flu\u011fu doldurur ve \u00fcretilen gaz, hava \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 vb. arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla kum kal\u0131b\u0131ndan bo\u015falt\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n1-B\u00f6lme y\u00fczeyi 2-\u00dcst kal\u0131p 3-Hava \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 4-D\u00f6kme sistemi 5-Kavite 6-Alt kal\u0131p
7 \u00c7ekirdekli 8 \u00c7ekirdekli kafa tutucu<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
(4<\/strong>)<\/strong>Yolluk Sistemleri<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n- D\u00f6kme Sistemi D\u00f6kme sistemi, s\u0131v\u0131 metalin bo\u015flu\u011fa akmas\u0131 i\u00e7in kal\u0131pta bulunan bir dizi kanald\u0131r. \u0130\u015flevi \u015fudur:
\u2460 Metal s\u0131v\u0131y\u0131 d\u00fczg\u00fcn ve h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde enjekte edin;
\u2461C\u00fcruf, kum vb. maddelerin bo\u015flu\u011fa girmesini engelleyin;
(iii) So\u011futma ve kat\u0131la\u015fma s\u0131ras\u0131nda s\u0131v\u0131 metalin hacim daralmas\u0131n\u0131 desteklemek i\u00e7in d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn her bir par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyin.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nD\u00f6k\u00fcm sisteminin do\u011fru \u015fekilde ayarlanmas\u0131, d\u00f6k\u00fcmlerin kalitesini sa\u011flamak ve metal t\u00fcketimini azaltmak i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r. D\u00f6kme sistemi makul de\u011filse, d\u00f6k\u00fcmler kum \u00fcfleme, kum delikleri, c\u00fcruf delikleri, d\u00f6k\u00fclmeme, g\u00f6zeneklilik ve b\u00fcz\u00fclme delikleri gibi kusurlara e\u011filimlidir. Tipik d\u00f6kme sistemi d\u00f6rt b\u00f6l\u00fcmden olu\u015fur: a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u015fekilde g\u00f6sterildi\u011fi gibi d\u0131\u015f kap\u0131, d\u00fcz yolluk, \u00e7apraz yolluk ve i\u00e7 yolluk.
Basit \u015fekilli k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck d\u00f6k\u00fcmler i\u00e7in \u00e7apraz yolluk kullan\u0131lmayabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\nTipik d\u00f6k\u00fcm sistemleri<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n- \u0130\u015flevi, enjekte edilen s\u0131v\u0131 metali tutmak ve s\u0131v\u0131 metalin kum kal\u0131b\u0131 \u00fczerindeki etkisini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmakt\u0131r. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck d\u00f6k\u00fcmler genellikle huni \u015feklindedir (yolluk kab\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r), daha b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00f6k\u00fcmler ise le\u011fen \u015feklindedir (yolluk kab\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u2461 D\u00fcz yolluk D\u0131\u015f kap\u0131y\u0131 yatay yolluk ile ba\u011flayan dikey bir kanald\u0131r. D\u00fcz yolluk y\u00fcksekli\u011finin de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi s\u0131v\u0131 metalin statik bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131 ve s\u0131v\u0131 metalin ak\u0131\u015f h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirebilir, b\u00f6ylece s\u0131v\u0131 metalin doldurma kapasitesini de\u011fi\u015ftirebilir. D\u00fcz yolluk y\u00fcksekli\u011fi veya \u00e7ap\u0131 \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fckse, d\u00f6k\u00fcm yetersiz d\u00f6k\u00fclecektir. \u00c7ubu\u011fun \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in, d\u00fcz yolluk genellikle b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00fcst ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir alt ile konik bir \u015fekle getirilir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u2462 \u00c7apraz kanal Metal s\u0131v\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fcz kanaldan i\u00e7 kanala sokmak i\u00e7in yatay bir kanald\u0131r, genellikle kum kal\u0131b\u0131n\u0131n ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyinde a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r ve kesit \u015fekli genellikle y\u00fcksek trapezoidaldir ve i\u00e7 kanal\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnde bulunur. \u00c7apraz kanal\u0131n ana i\u015flevi s\u0131v\u0131 metali i\u00e7 kanala da\u011f\u0131tmak ve c\u00fcrufu bloke etmektir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Do\u011frudan bo\u015flu\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r ve bo\u015flu\u011fa s\u0131v\u0131 metal ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc ve h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 ve d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn her bir par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131n so\u011futma h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyebilir. \u0130\u00e7 yolluklar\u0131n enine kesit \u015fekli genellikle d\u00fcz trapezoidal ve hilal \u015feklindedir ve \u00fc\u00e7gen \u015feklinde de olabilir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Y\u00fckselticiler B\u00fcz\u00fclme ve gev\u015feme gibi yayg\u0131n kusurlar, d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn so\u011fuyup kat\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda hacimsel olarak daralmas\u0131ndan kaynaklan\u0131r. B\u00fcz\u00fclme ve gev\u015femeyi \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in, genellikle y\u00fckselticinin \u00fcst veya kal\u0131n k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcnde. Y\u00fckselticiler, d\u00f6k\u00fcmdeki bo\u015fluklar ve bo\u015fluklara enjekte edilen metaldir. Y\u00fckselticideki s\u0131v\u0131 metal, d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn b\u00fcz\u00fclmesini s\u00fcrekli olarak yenileyebilir, b\u00f6ylece d\u00f6k\u00fcm b\u00fcz\u00fclme deliklerinden ve b\u00fcz\u00fclme gev\u015femesinden ka\u00e7\u0131nabilir. Y\u00fckselticiler gereksizdir ve temizlik s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Y\u00fckselticiler b\u00fcz\u00fclme rol\u00fcn\u00fc tamamlaman\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra egzoz ve c\u00fcruf toplama rol\u00fcn\u00fc de \u00fcstlenir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
(5) Kal\u0131p ve ma\u00e7a sand\u0131\u011f\u0131 imalat\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Kal\u0131p, d\u00f6k\u00fcm \u00fcretiminde gerekli proses ekipman\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130\u00e7 bo\u015fluklu d\u00f6k\u00fcmler i\u00e7in, kum ma\u00e7a taraf\u0131ndan olu\u015fturulan i\u00e7 bo\u015flu\u011fun d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fc ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kum ma\u00e7a i\u00e7in ma\u00e7a kutusunun haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 gerekir. Kal\u0131p ve ma\u00e7a sand\u0131\u011f\u0131 imalat\u0131nda yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lan malzemeler ah\u015fap, metal ve plastiktir. Tek par\u00e7ada, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck seri \u00fcretim, ah\u015fap kal\u0131p ve ma\u00e7a kutusunda, metal veya plastik kal\u0131p, ma\u00e7a kutusunun seri \u00fcretiminde yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Metal kal\u0131p ve ma\u00e7a kutusunun hizmet \u00f6mr\u00fc 100.000 ila 300.000 kat, plasti\u011fin hizmet \u00f6mr\u00fc on binlerce kata kadar \u00e7\u0131karken, ah\u015fap olan sadece yakla\u015f\u0131k 1.000 katt\u0131r. D\u00f6k\u00fcmlerin kalitesini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in, kal\u0131plar\u0131n ve ma\u00e7a kutular\u0131n\u0131n tasar\u0131m\u0131nda ve imalat\u0131nda, bir d\u00f6k\u00fcm i\u015flemi haritas\u0131 tasarlamak ve daha sonra i\u015flem haritas\u0131n\u0131n \u015fekline ve boyutuna g\u00f6re kal\u0131plar ve ma\u00e7a kutular\u0131 \u00fcretmek gerekir. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u015femaya bak\u0131n\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\nBir s\u00fcre\u00e7 haritas\u0131 tasarlarken a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakilerden baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurun:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n- Ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyinin se\u00e7imi Ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyi \u00fcst ve alt kum aras\u0131ndaki aray\u00fczd\u00fcr ve ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyinin se\u00e7imi kal\u0131b\u0131n kumdan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamal\u0131 ve modellemeyi d\u00f6k\u00fcmlerin kalitesini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in uygun ve elveri\u015fli hale getirmelidir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Kal\u0131b\u0131n kum kal\u0131ptan kolayca \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in, ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyine dik olan t\u00fcm y\u00fczeyler 0,5\u00ba\uff5e4\u00ba kal\u0131p \u00e7ekme e\u011fimi ile yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u2462 \u0130\u015fleme pay\u0131 \u0130\u015flenecek d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn y\u00fczeyinde uygun i\u015fleme pay\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u2463 B\u00fcz\u00fclme D\u00f6k\u00fcm so\u011furken b\u00fcz\u00fclmelidir ve kal\u0131b\u0131n boyutu d\u00f6k\u00fcm b\u00fcz\u00fclmesinin etkisini dikkate almal\u0131d\u0131r. Genellikle d\u00f6kme demir par\u00e7alarda y\u00fczde 1 art\u0131\u015f; d\u00f6kme \u00e7elik par\u00e7alarda y\u00fczde 1,5 ila y\u00fczde 2 art\u0131\u015f; al\u00fcminyum ala\u015f\u0131ml\u0131 par\u00e7alarda y\u00fczde 1 ila y\u00fczde 1,5 art\u0131\u015f i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u2464 D\u00f6k\u00fcm yuvarlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f k\u00f6\u015feler Modellemeyi kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak ve d\u00f6k\u00fcm kalitesini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in d\u00f6k\u00fcmdeki her y\u00fczeyin t\u00fcm d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f noktalar\u0131 ge\u00e7i\u015fli yuvarlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f k\u00f6\u015feler haline getirilmelidir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- (6) Ma\u00e7a kafas\u0131 Ma\u00e7al\u0131 kum kal\u0131plar\u0131 i\u00e7in kal\u0131p \u00fczerine uygun bir ma\u00e7a kafas\u0131 yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Modelleme y\u00f6ntemleri<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\nKal\u0131plama y\u00f6nteminin se\u00e7imi sadece \u00fcretim t\u00fcr\u00fcne g\u00f6re de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda fabrika ekipman ko\u015fullar\u0131na, d\u00f6k\u00fcm boyutuna ve karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve kalite gereksinimlerine g\u00f6re birlikte izlenmelidir. Kal\u0131plama y\u00f6ntemleri iki kategoriye ayr\u0131labilir: manuel ve makine kal\u0131plama.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
El kal\u0131plama esas olarak tek par\u00e7al\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck seri \u00fcretim i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131rken, makine kal\u0131plama esas olarak b\u00fcy\u00fck seri \u00fcretim i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(1). El modellemesi<\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n- (A) Entegre kal\u0131plaman\u0131n \u00f6zellikleri \u015funlard\u0131r: kal\u0131p entegre bir yap\u0131d\u0131r, en b\u00fcy\u00fck kesit kal\u0131b\u0131n bir ucunda d\u00fczd\u00fcr; ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyleri \u00e7o\u011funlukla d\u00fczd\u00fcr; ve i\u015flem basittir. B\u00fct\u00fcn kal\u0131p, diskler ve kapaklar gibi basit \u015fekillere sahip d\u00f6k\u00fcmler i\u00e7in uygundur.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- (B) B\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f kal\u0131pla kal\u0131plaman\u0131n \u00f6zellikleri \u015funlard\u0131r: kal\u0131plar ayr\u0131l\u0131r ve kal\u0131plar\u0131n ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f y\u00fczeyi (ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyi olarak bilinir), kal\u0131p kald\u0131rmay\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kal\u0131plar\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck kesiti olmal\u0131d\u0131r. B\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f kal\u0131pla kal\u0131plama i\u015flemi temelde tam kal\u0131pla kal\u0131plama i\u015flemine benzer, aradaki fark \u00fcst kal\u0131b\u0131 yaparken iki i\u015flemin eklenmesidir, yani \u00fcst kal\u0131b\u0131n yerle\u015ftirilmesi ve \u00fcst yar\u0131m kal\u0131b\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131. Ayr\u0131k kal\u0131plama man\u015fonlar, borular ve valf g\u00f6vdeleri gibi karma\u015f\u0131k \u015fekillere sahip d\u00f6k\u00fcmler i\u00e7in uygundur.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- (C) \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilir veya hareketli par\u00e7a \u00fczerindeki canl\u0131 blok kal\u0131plama kal\u0131b\u0131na canl\u0131 blok denir. Kal\u0131b\u0131n yan taraf\u0131nda par\u00e7ay\u0131 uzatmak i\u00e7in bir engel oldu\u011funda (k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir t\u0131rnak gibi), par\u00e7a genellikle canl\u0131 bir blok haline getirilir. Kal\u0131p kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, \u00f6nce kal\u0131b\u0131n ana g\u00f6vdesi \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131r ve daha sonra d\u00f6k\u00fcmde kalan canl\u0131 blok ayr\u0131 olarak \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131r, bu y\u00f6nteme canl\u0131 blok kal\u0131plama denir. Canl\u0131 blok kal\u0131b\u0131 \u00e7ivilerle ba\u011flanarak kal\u0131plan\u0131rken, canl\u0131 blo\u011fun etraf\u0131ndaki kumun \u00f6nce s\u0131k\u0131ca doldurulmas\u0131na ve daha sonra \u00e7ivilerin \u00e7ekilmesine dikkat edilmelidir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- (D) kal\u0131plama ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131sal \u00f6zelliklerine g\u00f6re d\u00f6k\u00fcm yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, ancak ko\u015fullar nedeniyle (kal\u0131p \u00e7ok ince, kal\u0131p yapmak zor gibi) hala b\u00fct\u00fcn bir kal\u0131p haline getirildi\u011finde, kal\u0131plamay\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in alt ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyinin kavisli bir y\u00fczeye kaz\u0131lmas\u0131 veya merdivenin \u015feklinde y\u00fcksek ve al\u00e7ak de\u011fi\u015fikliklere sahip olmas\u0131 gerekir (d\u00fczensiz ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyi olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r), bu y\u00f6nteme kum kal\u0131plama denir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- (F) \u00dc\u00e7 kutu kal\u0131plama D\u00f6k\u00fcm \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in \u00fc\u00e7 kum kutusu kullanma i\u015flemine \u00fc\u00e7 kutu kal\u0131plama denir. Yukar\u0131da bahsedilen t\u00fcm kal\u0131plama y\u00f6ntemleri, kullan\u0131m\u0131 kolay ve yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lan iki kum kutusu kullan\u0131r. Bununla birlikte, kesit boyutunun iki ucunun orta kesitten daha b\u00fcy\u00fck olmas\u0131 gibi baz\u0131 d\u00f6k\u00fcmlerde, kal\u0131ptan s\u0131ras\u0131yla iki y\u00f6nden \u00fc\u00e7 kum kutusu kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- (G) s\u0131y\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 kal\u0131plama boyutu 500 mm'den b\u00fcy\u00fck kasnaklar, volanlar, b\u00fcy\u00fck di\u015fliler ve di\u011fer tek \u00fcretim gibi d\u00f6nen g\u00f6vde d\u00f6k\u00fcmleri, ah\u015faptan, kal\u0131p i\u015fleme s\u00fcresinden ve maliyetten tasarruf etmek i\u00e7in s\u0131y\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 kal\u0131plama kullan\u0131labilir. Kaz\u0131y\u0131c\u0131, d\u00f6k\u00fcm b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn \u015fekline uygun bir tahta par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. Kal\u0131plama s\u0131ras\u0131nda, s\u0131y\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 sabit bir merkezi eksen etraf\u0131nda d\u00f6ner ve kum kal\u0131b\u0131ndaki gerekli bo\u015flu\u011fu s\u0131y\u0131r\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- (H) Kukla kutu kal\u0131plama, kum kazma kal\u0131plamas\u0131nda kaz\u0131lan kumun yerine prefabrik \u015fekilli bir taban plakas\u0131 veya kukla kutu kullan\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- (I) \u00c7ukur kal\u0131plama D\u00f6k\u00fcmhanede do\u011frudan kum zemin \u00fczerinde veya kum \u00e7ukurunda kal\u0131plama y\u00f6ntemine \u00e7ukur kal\u0131plama denir. B\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00f6k\u00fcmler tek par\u00e7a halinde \u00fcretildi\u011finde, kum havuzundan tasarruf etmek, d\u00f6k\u00fcm y\u00fcksekli\u011fini azaltmak ve d\u00f6kme i\u015flemlerini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in genellikle \u00e7ukur kal\u0131plama kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \u00c7ukur kal\u0131plama yap\u0131s\u0131, d\u00f6k\u00fcm s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00e7ukurdaki gaz\u0131 zeminden, genellikle kok, c\u00fcruf ve di\u011fer nefes alabilen malzemelerin taban\u0131ndan sorunsuz bir \u015fekilde d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karabilir ve gaz\u0131 demir borudan d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131rken kal\u0131plaman\u0131n dikkate al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
(2). Makine modellemesi<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Manuel kal\u0131plama verimlili\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr, d\u00f6k\u00fcmlerin y\u00fczey kalitesi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr, y\u00fcksek teknik seviyeye sahip i\u015f\u00e7i gereksinimi, emek yo\u011funlu\u011fu, bu nedenle seri \u00fcretimde genellikle makine kal\u0131plamada kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Makine kal\u0131plama---- mekanizasyona ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in kum s\u0131kma ve kal\u0131plama i\u015fleminin ana i\u015flemidir. Kum s\u0131kma ve kal\u0131p ba\u015flatman\u0131n farkl\u0131 yollar\u0131na g\u00f6re, pn\u00f6matik mikro titre\u015fimli s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma kal\u0131plama, at\u0131\u015f bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 kal\u0131plama, y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 kal\u0131plama ve kum atma kal\u0131plama vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n- (A) pn\u00f6matik mikro titre\u015fim s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma kal\u0131plama titre\u015fim (frekans 150 ~ 500 kez \/ dak, genlik 25-80mm) - s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma - mikro titre\u015fim (frekans 700 ~ 1000 kez \/ dak, genlik 5 ~ l0mm) s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f kum kullan\u0131l\u0131r. l0mm) kal\u0131plama kumunu s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in. Bu t\u00fcr bir kal\u0131plama makinesi daha az g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcye, kumun e\u015fit \u015fekilde s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na ve y\u00fcksek \u00fcretkenli\u011fe sahiptir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- (B) Enjeksiyon kal\u0131plama, ilk s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma i\u00e7in bo\u015flu\u011fa kum p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtmek i\u00e7in bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 hava kullan\u0131m\u0131 ile karakterize edilir ve daha sonra s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma pistonu kum modelini tekrar s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r, kum modeli ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra, \u00f6n ve arka iki kum modeli aras\u0131ndaki temas y\u00fczeyi ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyidir. Enjeksiyon kal\u0131plaman\u0131n d\u00f6k\u00fcm boyutu do\u011frudur, y\u00fczey p\u00fcr\u00fczl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckt\u00fcr ve \u00fcretkenlik y\u00fcksektir. Saatte 240-300 kal\u0131p \u00fcretebilir ve genellikle k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve orta \u00f6l\u00e7ekli d\u00f6k\u00fcmlerin seri \u00fcretiminde kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- (C) Y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 kal\u0131plama, kum kal\u0131b\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7 \u00fcretmek \u00fczere bir hidrolik sistem kullan\u0131r. Hassas d\u00f6k\u00fcm boyutlar\u0131, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck y\u00fczey p\u00fcr\u00fczl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve y\u00fcksek verimlilik ile karakterize edilir. Y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 kal\u0131plama, daha karma\u015f\u0131k \u015fekillere sahip k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve orta \u00f6l\u00e7ekli d\u00f6k\u00fcmler, \u00e7oklu \u00e7e\u015fitler ve orta \u00f6l\u00e7ekli partiler veya daha fazlas\u0131 i\u00e7in uygundur.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- (D) Kum f\u0131rlatma kal\u0131plama, kum kal\u0131b\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in konvey\u00f6r bant taraf\u0131ndan ta\u015f\u0131nan kumu y\u00fcksek h\u0131zda a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 atmak i\u00e7in y\u00fcksek h\u0131zl\u0131 d\u00f6nen b\u0131\u00e7a\u011f\u0131 kullanmakt\u0131r. Kum f\u0131rlatma kal\u0131plama g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir uyarlanabilirli\u011fe sahiptir, \u00f6zel kum kutusu ve \u015fablon gerektirmez ve b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00f6k\u00fcmlerin tek par\u00e7a ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck parti \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in uygundur.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
karotlama<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\nD\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn i\u00e7 bo\u015flu\u011funu veya lokal \u015feklini elde etmek i\u00e7in, ma\u00e7a kumu veya di\u011fer malzemelerden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, ma\u00e7a ad\u0131 verilen d\u00f6k\u00fcm elemanlar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7indeki bo\u015flu\u011fa yerle\u015ftirilir. Ma\u00e7alar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu ma\u00e7a kumundan yap\u0131l\u0131r. Ma\u00e7an\u0131n kalitesi esas olarak nitelikli ma\u00e7a kumunun haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131na ve do\u011fru ma\u00e7a yap\u0131m s\u00fcrecinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kum \u00e7ekirde\u011fi y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131ktaki s\u0131v\u0131 metalin etkisiyle d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcrken ve \u00e7evrelenirken, i\u00e7 bo\u015flu\u011fun kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelen \u015feklinin d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fc ile kum \u00e7ekirde\u011finin gereksinimlerine ek olarak, daha iyi bir ge\u00e7irgenli\u011fe, refrakterli\u011fe, tavizlere, mukavemete ve di\u011fer \u00f6zelliklere sahip olmal\u0131d\u0131r, bu nedenle \u00e7ekirdek kumu form\u00fcle etmek i\u00e7in az safs\u0131zl\u0131k ve bitkisel ya\u011f, su barda\u011f\u0131 ve di\u011fer ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131lara sahip kuvars kumu se\u00e7meliyiz ve kum \u00e7ekirde\u011finde metal \u00e7ekirdek kemi\u011fine ve mukavemeti ve ge\u00e7irgenli\u011fi art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in havaland\u0131rma deliklerini ba\u011flamal\u0131y\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Basit \u015fekilli b\u00fcy\u00fck ve orta boy ma\u00e7alar kil kumu ile \u00fcretilebilir. Ancak, karma\u015f\u0131k \u015fekillere ve y\u00fcksek performans gereksinimlerine sahip ma\u00e7alar i\u00e7in, bunlar\u0131 form\u00fcle etmek \u00fczere ya\u011f kumu, gres kumu ve re\u00e7ine kumu gibi \u00f6zel ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131lar kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Buna ek olarak, ma\u00e7a kumunun d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck higroskopiklik (kutuyu kapatt\u0131ktan sonra ma\u00e7an\u0131n neme d\u00f6nmesini \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in); daha az gazlama (metal d\u00f6k\u00fcld\u00fckten sonra, ma\u00e7a malzemesi \u0131s\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca az gaz \u00fcretmelidir); ve iyi z\u0131mparalama (temizlik s\u0131ras\u0131nda ma\u00e7an\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in) gibi baz\u0131 \u00f6zel \u00f6zelliklere de sahip olmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ma\u00e7alar genellikle ma\u00e7a kutular\u0131ndan yap\u0131l\u0131r ve a\u00e7\u0131k ma\u00e7a kutusu ma\u00e7a yap\u0131m\u0131, yuvarlak kesitli daha karma\u015f\u0131k ma\u00e7alar i\u00e7in yayg\u0131n bir manuel ma\u00e7a yap\u0131m y\u00f6ntemidir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\nFolyo \u00e7ekirdek kutu \u00e7ekirdek yap\u0131m\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n(a) Ma\u00e7a kutusunu haz\u0131rlay\u0131n (b) Ma\u00e7a kutusunu kelep\u00e7eleyin, s\u0131rayla ma\u00e7a kumu ve ma\u00e7a kemi\u011fi ekleyin, kumu d\u00f6v\u00fcn (c) Havaland\u0131rma deliklerini kaz\u0131y\u0131n ve ba\u011flay\u0131n (d) Kelep\u00e7eleri gev\u015fetin, ma\u00e7a kutusuna vurun (e) Ma\u00e7a kutusunu a\u00e7\u0131n, kum ma\u00e7ay\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131n ve boyay\u0131 uygulay\u0131n<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Modellemenin temel i\u015flemleri<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\nBir\u00e7ok kal\u0131plama y\u00f6ntemi vard\u0131r, ancak bunlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu kum vurma, kal\u0131p ba\u015flatma, kal\u0131p onarma ve kutu kapatmay\u0131 i\u00e7erir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(1) bak<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nAh\u015fap, metal veya di\u011fer malzemelerden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn orijinal \u015fekli topluca kal\u0131p olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r ve d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn bo\u015flu\u011funu olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Ah\u015fap kal\u0131p olarak bilinen ah\u015fap kal\u0131ptan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, metal kal\u0131p veya plastik kal\u0131p olarak bilinen metal veya plastik kal\u0131ptan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. \u015eu anda \u00e7o\u011fu fabrika ah\u015fap kal\u0131p kullanmaktad\u0131r. Kal\u0131b\u0131n \u015fekli d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn \u015fekline benzer, aradaki fark, kal\u0131pta delikler gibi d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn sadece deliksiz kat\u0131 olmas\u0131 de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda ma\u00e7a ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 yapmak i\u00e7in kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelen konumda olmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(2) Kal\u0131plama \u00f6ncesi haz\u0131rl\u0131k<\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n- \u2460 Kal\u0131plama aletlerini haz\u0131rlay\u0131n, d\u00fcz bir taban plakas\u0131 ve uygun boyutta bir kum kutusu se\u00e7in. Kum kutusu \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fckse, sadece \u00e7ok fazla kum t\u00fcketmekle kalmayacak, ayn\u0131 zamanda kum vurma s\u00fcresini de bo\u015fa harcayacakt\u0131r. Kum kutusu \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckse, ah\u015fap kal\u0131b\u0131n etraf\u0131ndaki kum s\u0131k\u0131ca d\u00f6v\u00fclmeyecek ve s\u0131v\u0131 metal, d\u00f6kme s\u0131ras\u0131nda ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyinden, yani ara y\u00fczeyler aras\u0131ndan kolayca d\u0131\u015far\u0131 akacakt\u0131r. Genellikle, ah\u015fap kal\u0131p ile i\u00e7 duvar ve kum kutusunun \u00fcst\u00fc aras\u0131ndaki mesafe 30 ~ 100 mm olmal\u0131d\u0131r, buna kum yeme miktar\u0131 denir. Bu mesafe kum yeme kapasitesi olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Kum yeme kapasitesinin spesifik de\u011feri ah\u015fap kal\u0131b\u0131n boyutuna ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u2461 Kal\u0131p kumunun ah\u015fap kal\u0131ba yap\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 ve kal\u0131b\u0131 kald\u0131r\u0131rken bo\u015flu\u011fa zarar vermesini \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in ah\u015fap kal\u0131b\u0131 temizleyin.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u2462 Ah\u015fap kal\u0131b\u0131 yerle\u015ftirirken, ah\u015fap kal\u0131p \u00fczerindeki e\u011fimin y\u00f6n\u00fcne dikkat edin ve yanl\u0131\u015f yere koymay\u0131n.\u3002<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
\uff083)<\/strong>yar\u0131m kilo kum<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n- \u2460 D\u00f6vme kumu kuma a\u015famal\u0131 olarak eklenmelidir. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kum kutusu i\u00e7in her seferinde yakla\u015f\u0131k 50 ~ 70 mm kum kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 eklenmelidir. \u00e7ok fazla kum d\u00f6vmek s\u0131k\u0131 de\u011fildir ve \u00e7ok az kum ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma saati maliyeti. \u0130lk kez kum eklerken, ah\u015fap kal\u0131b\u0131n kum kutusundaki konumunun hareket etmesini \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in ah\u015fap kal\u0131b\u0131n etraf\u0131ndaki kum elle s\u0131k\u0131ca bast\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Daha sonra kum vurma \u00e7ekicinin sivri ucunu kullanarak a\u015famal\u0131 olarak s\u0131k\u0131ca vurun ve son olarak kum vurma \u00e7ekicinin d\u00fcz ucunu kullanarak kumun \u00fcst katman\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131ca vurun.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u2461 Kuma vurma i\u015flemi belirli bir rotada ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmelidir. S\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n farkl\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131ndan ka\u00e7\u0131nmak i\u00e7in biraz do\u011fuya, biraz bat\u0131ya kaotik bir vuru\u015f yapmay\u0131n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Kuma vurma uygun olmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7ok fazla kuvvet, kum \u00e7ok s\u0131k\u0131d\u0131r, gaz\u0131n bo\u015flu\u011funu d\u00f6kerek d\u0131\u015far\u0131 akamaz. \u00c7ok az kuvvet, kum \u00e7ok gev\u015fektir ve kutunun \u00e7\u00f6kmesi kolayd\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 kumun her bir par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 farkl\u0131d\u0131r, kum kutusunun i\u00e7 duvar\u0131na yak\u0131n olan kum, kutunun \u00e7\u00f6kmesini \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in s\u0131k\u0131ca d\u00f6v\u00fclmelidir. Bo\u015fluk k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n yak\u0131n\u0131nda, kum s\u0131v\u0131 metal bas\u0131nc\u0131na dayanmak i\u00e7in biraz daha s\u0131k\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Hava ge\u00e7irgenli\u011fini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kum tabakas\u0131n\u0131n bo\u015flu\u011fundan uzakta uygun \u015fekilde gev\u015fek olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u2463 Kumu d\u00f6verken, \u00e7ekicin ah\u015fap kal\u0131ba \u00e7arpmas\u0131 \u00f6nlenmelidir. Genellikle \u00e7eki\u00e7 ile ah\u015fap kal\u0131p aras\u0131ndaki mesafe 20-40 mm'dir, aksi takdirde ah\u015fap kal\u0131ba zarar vermek kolayd\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
\uff084) <\/strong>kum serpin<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n Kum modelini olu\u015fturmadan \u00f6nce, \u00fcst ve alt kum kutular\u0131n\u0131n birbirine yap\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 ve kutunun a\u00e7\u0131lmamas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyine ince taneli, kil i\u00e7ermeyen kuru kum (yani kum) serpilmelidir. Kum serpilirken, el kum kutusundan biraz daha yukar\u0131da olmal\u0131, d\u00f6nerken, sallan\u0131rken, b\u00f6ylece kum parmak \u00e7atlaklar\u0131ndan yava\u015f\u00e7a ve e\u015fit bir \u015fekilde a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya do\u011fru da\u011f\u0131lmal\u0131, ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyinde ince bir \u015fekilde kaplanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Son olarak, ah\u015fap kal\u0131p ay\u0131rma kumundan \u00fcflenmelidir, b\u00f6ylece kum modelinde yapmamak i\u00e7in, ay\u0131rma kumu kum modelinin y\u00fczeyine yap\u0131\u015f\u0131r ve s\u0131v\u0131 metalin d\u00f6k\u00fclmesinde d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn i\u00e7ine y\u0131kan\u0131r, b\u00f6ylece kusurlar \u00fcretir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(5)<\/strong>bir delik a\u00e7mak<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n Kumun iyi hava ge\u00e7irgenli\u011fine sahip olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flaman\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, ayn\u0131 zamanda kumda havaland\u0131rma deliklerini ba\u011flamak i\u00e7in bir havaland\u0131rma i\u011fnesi ile d\u00fcz bir \u015fekilde d\u00f6v\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ve kaz\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, b\u00f6ylece d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcrken gaz\u0131n ka\u00e7mas\u0131 kolayd\u0131r. Havaland\u0131rma delikleri dikey ve e\u015fit da\u011f\u0131l\u0131ml\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(6)<\/strong>a\u00e7\u0131k kap\u0131<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n D\u0131\u015f kap\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck ucunda 60-80 mm \u00e7apa sahip 60\u00b0'lik bir koni \u015feklinde kaz\u0131lmal\u0131 ve kap\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczeyi parlat\u0131lmal\u0131 ve s\u0131v\u0131 metalin kum kal\u0131b\u0131na d\u00fczg\u00fcn bir \u015fekilde akmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in d\u00fcz yollukla ba\u011flant\u0131 yuvarlak bir ge\u00e7i\u015f \u015feklinde yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. D\u0131\u015f kap\u0131 \u00e7ok s\u0131\u011f kaz\u0131l\u0131r ve disk \u015fekline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrse, s\u0131v\u0131 metal etrafa s\u0131\u00e7rayacak ve d\u00f6kme s\u0131ras\u0131nda insanlara zarar verecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(7)<\/strong>Kapan\u0131\u015f konu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 yapmak<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n \u00dcst ve alt kum havuzlar\u0131n\u0131n yerle\u015ftirme pimleri yoksa, \u00fcst ve alt kum kal\u0131plar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lmadan \u00f6nce kum havuzunun duvar\u0131na bir kapan\u0131\u015f \u00e7izgisi \u00e7izilmelidir. Bunun en basit yolu, kutunun duvar\u0131na tebe\u015fir tozu s\u00fcrmek ve ard\u0131ndan ince bir \u00e7izgi \u00e7izmek i\u00e7in bir i\u011fne kullanmakt\u0131r. Kum kutusunu pi\u015firmek i\u00e7in f\u0131r\u0131na girmeniz gerekir, kum kili kum kutusu duvar\u0131na yap\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r, bir s\u0131vac\u0131 b\u0131\u00e7a\u011f\u0131 ile \u00e7orap d\u00fczle\u015ftirilir ve ard\u0131ndan \u00e7amur numaras\u0131 olarak bilinen \u00e7izgi oyulur. \u00c7izgi, x ve y y\u00f6nlerinin konumland\u0131r\u0131labilmesini sa\u011flamak ve kumun d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131rlayabilmek i\u00e7in kum kutusunun duvar\u0131ndaki iki dik a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131 kenar\u0131n en uzak noktas\u0131na yerle\u015ftirilmelidir. Kutuyu kapat\u0131rken hata yapmamak i\u00e7in iki yerdeki \u00e7izgi say\u0131s\u0131 e\u015fit olmamal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7izgi bitti\u011finde, kal\u0131b\u0131 ba\u015flatmak i\u00e7in kutuyu a\u00e7abilirsiniz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(8)<\/strong>bir kal\u0131p almak<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n- \u2460 Kal\u0131b\u0131 almadan \u00f6nce, su f\u0131r\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131 bir miktar suya bat\u0131r\u0131n ve kal\u0131b\u0131 al\u0131rken kum bo\u015flu\u011funun zarar g\u00f6rmesini \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in ah\u015fap kal\u0131b\u0131n etraf\u0131ndaki kumu f\u0131r\u00e7alay\u0131n. F\u0131r\u00e7a suyu bir f\u0131r\u00e7a olmal\u0131, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 yerel sudan ka\u00e7\u0131nmak ve d\u00f6k\u00fcm s\u0131ras\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarda su buhar\u0131 \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in su f\u0131r\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131n belirli bir yerde kalmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamay\u0131n, b\u00f6ylece d\u00f6k\u00fcm g\u00f6zeneklilik kusurlar\u0131 \u00fcretir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u2461 Kal\u0131p ba\u015flatma piminin konumu m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca ah\u015fap kal\u0131b\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k merkezi ile \u00e7ak\u0131\u015fmal\u0131d\u0131r. Kal\u0131b\u0131 ba\u015flatmadan \u00f6nce, ah\u015fap kal\u0131b\u0131 gev\u015fetmek ve kal\u0131b\u0131 ba\u015flatmay\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kal\u0131p ba\u015flatma piminin alt k\u0131sm\u0131na hafif\u00e7e vurmak i\u00e7in k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir \u00e7eki\u00e7 kullan\u0131n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u2462 Kal\u0131b\u0131 kald\u0131r\u0131rken, ah\u015fap kal\u0131b\u0131 yava\u015f\u00e7a dikey olarak kald\u0131r\u0131n, ah\u015fap kal\u0131p tamamen kald\u0131r\u0131lmak \u00fczereyken h\u0131zl\u0131ca \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131n. Kal\u0131b\u0131 kald\u0131r\u0131rken e\u011filmemesine ve sallanmamas\u0131na dikkat edin.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
(9) <\/strong>manik\u00fcr<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n Kal\u0131p \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra, bo\u015fluk hasar g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015fse, bo\u015flu\u011fun \u015fekline ve hasar\u0131n derecesine g\u00f6re her t\u00fcrl\u00fc onar\u0131m aleti do\u011fru \u015fekilde kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bo\u015flu\u011fun hasar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fckse, ah\u015fap kal\u0131p onarmak i\u00e7in bo\u015flu\u011fa geri konulabilir ve ard\u0131ndan tekrar \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(10)<\/strong>bir dosyay\u0131 kapat\u0131n<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n Kutunun kapat\u0131lmas\u0131, kum kal\u0131b\u0131n\u0131n kalitesinde \u00f6nemli bir rol oynayan son kal\u0131plama i\u015flemidir. Kutuyu kapatmadan \u00f6nce, kum kal\u0131b\u0131nda herhangi bir hasar ve gev\u015fek kum olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve kap\u0131n\u0131n kesilip kesilmedi\u011fi dikkatlice kontrol edilmelidir. Ma\u00e7ay\u0131 yerle\u015ftirmek istiyorsan\u0131z, ma\u00e7an\u0131n kuru olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, herhangi bir hasar olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve havaland\u0131rma deliklerinin t\u0131kal\u0131 olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol etmelisiniz. Ma\u00e7an\u0131n kum kal\u0131b\u0131ndaki konumu, d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn do\u011frulu\u011funu etkilememek ve d\u00f6kme s\u0131ras\u0131nda s\u0131v\u0131 metal taraf\u0131ndan y\u0131kanmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in do\u011fru ve sabit olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Kutuyu kapat\u0131rken, seviyeyi a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da tutmak i\u00e7in \u00fcst kum kutusuna dikkat edilmeli ve yanl\u0131\u015f kutuyu \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in kapatma \u00e7izgisi ile hizalanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Kutuyu kapatt\u0131ktan sonra, yolluk i\u00e7ine kum veya d\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fc d\u00fc\u015fmesini \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in yolluk \u00fczerini ka\u011f\u0131t veya tahta par\u00e7as\u0131 ile \u00f6rtmek daha iyidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
D\u00f6k\u00fcm d\u00f6kme pozisyonu ve ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyi se\u00e7imi<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nKum yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u015fematik diyagram\u0131 1 - kum taneleri 2 - bo\u015fluklar
3 - Ata\u015fman 4 - Kil membran<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
Ma\u00e7a kumu, talebin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olmas\u0131 nedeniyle genellikle elle haz\u0131rlanmaktad\u0131r.
Ma\u00e7an\u0131n sert oldu\u011fu ortam, bu nedenle ma\u00e7a kumu performans gereksinimleri y\u00fcksek kumdan daha y\u00fcksekken, ma\u00e7a kumu ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 (kil, ya\u011f, vb.) kumdaki ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 oran\u0131ndan daha b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr, bu nedenle ge\u00e7irgenli\u011fi kum kadar iyi de\u011fildir, ma\u00e7a nefes alabilen bir kanal (delikler) yapmak i\u00e7in yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r; ah\u015fap tala\u015f\u0131 gibi katk\u0131 maddeleri eklemek i\u00e7in eklenecek ma\u00e7an\u0131n verimini art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in.
Baz\u0131 zorlu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck d\u00f6k\u00fcmler genellikle ya\u011fl\u0131 kum \u00e7ekirdeklerle yap\u0131l\u0131r (tung ya\u011f\u0131 + kum, sar\u0131ms\u0131 kahverengi bir renge kadar pi\u015firilir).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(2) Kum tipinin \u00f6zellikleri<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nKumun kalitesi d\u00f6k\u00fcmlerin kalitesini do\u011frudan etkiler, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck kum kalitesi kum d\u00f6k\u00fcm \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin g\u00f6zeneklilik, trahom, yap\u0131\u015fkan kum, kum ve di\u011fer kusurlar\u0131 \u00fcretmesine neden olur. \u0130yi kum a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u00f6zelliklere sahip olmal\u0131d\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n- \u2460 Gaz ge\u00e7irgenli\u011fi Kal\u0131p kumunun gaz ge\u00e7irme performans\u0131na gaz ge\u00e7irgenli\u011fi denir. D\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn i\u00e7ine d\u00f6k\u00fclen y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131ktaki metal, \u00e7ok say\u0131da gazla doldurulur, bu gazlar p\u00fcr\u00fczs\u00fcz de\u015farj\u0131n d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcnden d\u00f6k\u00fclmelidir, aksi takdirde d\u00f6k\u00fcm g\u00f6zeneklilik, alt d\u00f6kme ve di\u011fer kusurlar\u0131 \u00fcretecektir. Kum partik\u00fcl boyutu, kil i\u00e7eri\u011fi, nem i\u00e7eri\u011fi ve kum kompaktl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve di\u011fer fakt\u00f6rlere g\u00f6re d\u00f6k\u00fcm hava ge\u00e7irgenli\u011fi. Kum partik\u00fcl boyutu ne kadar ince olursa, kil ve nem i\u00e7eri\u011fi ne kadar y\u00fcksek olursa, kum kompaktl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ne kadar y\u00fcksek olursa, hava ge\u00e7irgenli\u011fi o kadar k\u00f6t\u00fc olur.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u2461 Mukavemet Kumun d\u0131\u015f hasarlara kar\u015f\u0131 koyma kabiliyetine mukavemet denir. Kum, kal\u0131plama, ta\u015f\u0131ma ve kutuyu kapatma s\u00fcrecinde \u00e7\u00f6kmeye neden olmamak ve d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcrken d\u00f6k\u00fcm y\u00fczeyine zarar vermemek i\u00e7in yeterince y\u00fcksek mukavemete sahip olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Kumun mukavemeti \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek olmamal\u0131d\u0131r, aksi takdirde hava ge\u00e7irgenli\u011finin ve tavizlerin azalmas\u0131 nedeniyle d\u00f6k\u00fcm kusurlu olacakt\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Refrakterlik, kumun y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve \u0131s\u0131ya dayanma kabiliyetini ifade eder. Refrakterlik zay\u0131fsa, d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn yap\u0131\u015fkan kum \u00fcretmesi kolayd\u0131r. Kumdaki SiO2 i\u00e7eri\u011fi ne kadar fazla olursa, kum par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131 ne kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck olursa, refrakterlik o kadar iyi olur.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Kumun d\u0131\u015f kuvvet etkisi alt\u0131nda deforme olma ve d\u0131\u015f kuvvet kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra mevcut \u015fekli koruma yetene\u011fini ifade eder. \u0130yi plastisite, kolay kal\u0131plama i\u015flemi, do\u011fru \u015fekil ve kum kal\u0131b\u0131n\u0131n net konturu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u2464 \u0130mtiyaz D\u00f6k\u00fcm yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kal\u0131p kumunun s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lma kabiliyeti. \u0130mtiyazl\u0131l\u0131k iyi de\u011filse, d\u00f6k\u00fcm i\u00e7 gerilime veya \u00e7atlamaya e\u011filimlidir. Kum ne kadar s\u0131k\u0131 olursa, imtiyazl\u0131l\u0131k o kadar k\u00f6t\u00fc olur. Kal\u0131p kumuna odun tala\u015f\u0131 eklemek imtiyazl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 art\u0131rabilir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
At\u00f6lyedeki kum d\u00f6k\u00fcm \u00fcr\u00fcn tedarik\u00e7ilerinin tek par\u00e7a k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck seri \u00fcretiminde, kumun baz\u0131 \u00f6zelliklerini kabaca de\u011ferlendirmek i\u00e7in yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lan el \u00e7imdikleme y\u00f6ntemi, \u00f6rne\u011fin bir avu\u00e7 kum kapmak, \u00e7imdik yumu\u015fak ve deforme olmas\u0131 kolay hissetmek; k\u00fctle gev\u015fek olmad\u0131ktan sonra kumu b\u0131rak\u0131n, ele yap\u0131\u015fmay\u0131n ve el izlerini temizleyin; k\u0131r\u0131n, d\u00fcz ve e\u015fit b\u00f6l\u00fcm ve \u00e7atlama olgusu yok ve ayn\u0131 zamanda belirli bir g\u00fc\u00e7 derecesi hissedin, kumun uygun performans gereksinimlerine sahip oldu\u011fu kabul edilir, kum. \u015eekilde g\u00f6sterildi\u011fi gibi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\nKumun nemi do\u011fru oldu\u011funda, el serbest b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir.
Elle yo\u011frularak bir kum topu haline getirilebilir El \u00e7izgilerini temizleyin<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\nPar\u00e7al\u0131 bir \u015fekle sahip k\u0131r\u0131k bo\u015fluklu k\u0131r\u0131k
Ayn\u0131 zamanda yeterli g\u00fc\u00e7 var<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
(3) Kal\u0131plar\u0131n bile\u015fimi<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Kum d\u00f6k\u00fcm \u00fcr\u00fcnleri i\u00e7in kal\u0131plar, par\u00e7an\u0131n \u015fekline g\u00f6re kal\u0131plama malzemesinden yap\u0131l\u0131r ve kal\u0131plar kum veya metal tipi olabilir. Bir kum kal\u0131b\u0131, kumdan (ma\u00e7a kumu) yap\u0131lan kal\u0131plama malzemesinden yap\u0131l\u0131r. Gerekli \u015fekil, boyut ve kalitede d\u00f6k\u00fcmler elde etmek i\u00e7in metal s\u0131v\u0131y\u0131 d\u00f6kmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\nBir kal\u0131p genellikle sa\u011fdaki \u015fekilde g\u00f6sterildi\u011fi gibi bir \u00fcst kal\u0131p, bir alt kal\u0131p, bir ma\u00e7a, bir bo\u015fluk ve bir d\u00f6kme sisteminden olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kal\u0131p bile\u015fenleri aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011flant\u0131 y\u00fczeylerine ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyleri denir. Kal\u0131pta kal\u0131plama malzemesi ile \u00e7evrili bo\u015flu\u011fun bir k\u0131sm\u0131na, yani d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn g\u00f6vdesini olu\u015fturan bo\u015flu\u011fa, bo\u015fluk denir. S\u0131v\u0131 metal, d\u00f6kme sistemi arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla bo\u015flu\u011fa akar ve bo\u015flu\u011fu doldurur ve \u00fcretilen gaz, hava \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 vb. arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla kum kal\u0131b\u0131ndan bo\u015falt\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n1-B\u00f6lme y\u00fczeyi 2-\u00dcst kal\u0131p 3-Hava \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 4-D\u00f6kme sistemi 5-Kavite 6-Alt kal\u0131p
7 \u00c7ekirdekli 8 \u00c7ekirdekli kafa tutucu<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
(4<\/strong>)<\/strong>Yolluk Sistemleri<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n- D\u00f6kme Sistemi D\u00f6kme sistemi, s\u0131v\u0131 metalin bo\u015flu\u011fa akmas\u0131 i\u00e7in kal\u0131pta bulunan bir dizi kanald\u0131r. \u0130\u015flevi \u015fudur:
\u2460 Metal s\u0131v\u0131y\u0131 d\u00fczg\u00fcn ve h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde enjekte edin;
\u2461C\u00fcruf, kum vb. maddelerin bo\u015flu\u011fa girmesini engelleyin;
(iii) So\u011futma ve kat\u0131la\u015fma s\u0131ras\u0131nda s\u0131v\u0131 metalin hacim daralmas\u0131n\u0131 desteklemek i\u00e7in d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn her bir par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyin.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nD\u00f6k\u00fcm sisteminin do\u011fru \u015fekilde ayarlanmas\u0131, d\u00f6k\u00fcmlerin kalitesini sa\u011flamak ve metal t\u00fcketimini azaltmak i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r. D\u00f6kme sistemi makul de\u011filse, d\u00f6k\u00fcmler kum \u00fcfleme, kum delikleri, c\u00fcruf delikleri, d\u00f6k\u00fclmeme, g\u00f6zeneklilik ve b\u00fcz\u00fclme delikleri gibi kusurlara e\u011filimlidir. Tipik d\u00f6kme sistemi d\u00f6rt b\u00f6l\u00fcmden olu\u015fur: a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u015fekilde g\u00f6sterildi\u011fi gibi d\u0131\u015f kap\u0131, d\u00fcz yolluk, \u00e7apraz yolluk ve i\u00e7 yolluk.
Basit \u015fekilli k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck d\u00f6k\u00fcmler i\u00e7in \u00e7apraz yolluk kullan\u0131lmayabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\nTipik d\u00f6k\u00fcm sistemleri<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n- \u0130\u015flevi, enjekte edilen s\u0131v\u0131 metali tutmak ve s\u0131v\u0131 metalin kum kal\u0131b\u0131 \u00fczerindeki etkisini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmakt\u0131r. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck d\u00f6k\u00fcmler genellikle huni \u015feklindedir (yolluk kab\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r), daha b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00f6k\u00fcmler ise le\u011fen \u015feklindedir (yolluk kab\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u2461 D\u00fcz yolluk D\u0131\u015f kap\u0131y\u0131 yatay yolluk ile ba\u011flayan dikey bir kanald\u0131r. D\u00fcz yolluk y\u00fcksekli\u011finin de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi s\u0131v\u0131 metalin statik bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131 ve s\u0131v\u0131 metalin ak\u0131\u015f h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirebilir, b\u00f6ylece s\u0131v\u0131 metalin doldurma kapasitesini de\u011fi\u015ftirebilir. D\u00fcz yolluk y\u00fcksekli\u011fi veya \u00e7ap\u0131 \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fckse, d\u00f6k\u00fcm yetersiz d\u00f6k\u00fclecektir. \u00c7ubu\u011fun \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in, d\u00fcz yolluk genellikle b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00fcst ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir alt ile konik bir \u015fekle getirilir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u2462 \u00c7apraz kanal Metal s\u0131v\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fcz kanaldan i\u00e7 kanala sokmak i\u00e7in yatay bir kanald\u0131r, genellikle kum kal\u0131b\u0131n\u0131n ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyinde a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r ve kesit \u015fekli genellikle y\u00fcksek trapezoidaldir ve i\u00e7 kanal\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnde bulunur. \u00c7apraz kanal\u0131n ana i\u015flevi s\u0131v\u0131 metali i\u00e7 kanala da\u011f\u0131tmak ve c\u00fcrufu bloke etmektir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Do\u011frudan bo\u015flu\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r ve bo\u015flu\u011fa s\u0131v\u0131 metal ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc ve h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 ve d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn her bir par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131n so\u011futma h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyebilir. \u0130\u00e7 yolluklar\u0131n enine kesit \u015fekli genellikle d\u00fcz trapezoidal ve hilal \u015feklindedir ve \u00fc\u00e7gen \u015feklinde de olabilir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Y\u00fckselticiler B\u00fcz\u00fclme ve gev\u015feme gibi yayg\u0131n kusurlar, d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn so\u011fuyup kat\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda hacimsel olarak daralmas\u0131ndan kaynaklan\u0131r. B\u00fcz\u00fclme ve gev\u015femeyi \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in, genellikle y\u00fckselticinin \u00fcst veya kal\u0131n k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcnde. Y\u00fckselticiler, d\u00f6k\u00fcmdeki bo\u015fluklar ve bo\u015fluklara enjekte edilen metaldir. Y\u00fckselticideki s\u0131v\u0131 metal, d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn b\u00fcz\u00fclmesini s\u00fcrekli olarak yenileyebilir, b\u00f6ylece d\u00f6k\u00fcm b\u00fcz\u00fclme deliklerinden ve b\u00fcz\u00fclme gev\u015femesinden ka\u00e7\u0131nabilir. Y\u00fckselticiler gereksizdir ve temizlik s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Y\u00fckselticiler b\u00fcz\u00fclme rol\u00fcn\u00fc tamamlaman\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra egzoz ve c\u00fcruf toplama rol\u00fcn\u00fc de \u00fcstlenir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
(5) Kal\u0131p ve ma\u00e7a sand\u0131\u011f\u0131 imalat\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Kal\u0131p, d\u00f6k\u00fcm \u00fcretiminde gerekli proses ekipman\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130\u00e7 bo\u015fluklu d\u00f6k\u00fcmler i\u00e7in, kum ma\u00e7a taraf\u0131ndan olu\u015fturulan i\u00e7 bo\u015flu\u011fun d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fc ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kum ma\u00e7a i\u00e7in ma\u00e7a kutusunun haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 gerekir. Kal\u0131p ve ma\u00e7a sand\u0131\u011f\u0131 imalat\u0131nda yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lan malzemeler ah\u015fap, metal ve plastiktir. Tek par\u00e7ada, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck seri \u00fcretim, ah\u015fap kal\u0131p ve ma\u00e7a kutusunda, metal veya plastik kal\u0131p, ma\u00e7a kutusunun seri \u00fcretiminde yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Metal kal\u0131p ve ma\u00e7a kutusunun hizmet \u00f6mr\u00fc 100.000 ila 300.000 kat, plasti\u011fin hizmet \u00f6mr\u00fc on binlerce kata kadar \u00e7\u0131karken, ah\u015fap olan sadece yakla\u015f\u0131k 1.000 katt\u0131r. D\u00f6k\u00fcmlerin kalitesini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in, kal\u0131plar\u0131n ve ma\u00e7a kutular\u0131n\u0131n tasar\u0131m\u0131nda ve imalat\u0131nda, bir d\u00f6k\u00fcm i\u015flemi haritas\u0131 tasarlamak ve daha sonra i\u015flem haritas\u0131n\u0131n \u015fekline ve boyutuna g\u00f6re kal\u0131plar ve ma\u00e7a kutular\u0131 \u00fcretmek gerekir. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u015femaya bak\u0131n\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\nBir s\u00fcre\u00e7 haritas\u0131 tasarlarken a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakilerden baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurun:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n- Ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyinin se\u00e7imi Ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyi \u00fcst ve alt kum aras\u0131ndaki aray\u00fczd\u00fcr ve ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyinin se\u00e7imi kal\u0131b\u0131n kumdan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamal\u0131 ve modellemeyi d\u00f6k\u00fcmlerin kalitesini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in uygun ve elveri\u015fli hale getirmelidir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Kal\u0131b\u0131n kum kal\u0131ptan kolayca \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in, ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyine dik olan t\u00fcm y\u00fczeyler 0,5\u00ba\uff5e4\u00ba kal\u0131p \u00e7ekme e\u011fimi ile yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u2462 \u0130\u015fleme pay\u0131 \u0130\u015flenecek d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn y\u00fczeyinde uygun i\u015fleme pay\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u2463 B\u00fcz\u00fclme D\u00f6k\u00fcm so\u011furken b\u00fcz\u00fclmelidir ve kal\u0131b\u0131n boyutu d\u00f6k\u00fcm b\u00fcz\u00fclmesinin etkisini dikkate almal\u0131d\u0131r. Genellikle d\u00f6kme demir par\u00e7alarda y\u00fczde 1 art\u0131\u015f; d\u00f6kme \u00e7elik par\u00e7alarda y\u00fczde 1,5 ila y\u00fczde 2 art\u0131\u015f; al\u00fcminyum ala\u015f\u0131ml\u0131 par\u00e7alarda y\u00fczde 1 ila y\u00fczde 1,5 art\u0131\u015f i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u2464 D\u00f6k\u00fcm yuvarlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f k\u00f6\u015feler Modellemeyi kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak ve d\u00f6k\u00fcm kalitesini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in d\u00f6k\u00fcmdeki her y\u00fczeyin t\u00fcm d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f noktalar\u0131 ge\u00e7i\u015fli yuvarlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f k\u00f6\u015feler haline getirilmelidir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- (6) Ma\u00e7a kafas\u0131 Ma\u00e7al\u0131 kum kal\u0131plar\u0131 i\u00e7in kal\u0131p \u00fczerine uygun bir ma\u00e7a kafas\u0131 yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Modelleme y\u00f6ntemleri<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\nKal\u0131plama y\u00f6nteminin se\u00e7imi sadece \u00fcretim t\u00fcr\u00fcne g\u00f6re de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda fabrika ekipman ko\u015fullar\u0131na, d\u00f6k\u00fcm boyutuna ve karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve kalite gereksinimlerine g\u00f6re birlikte izlenmelidir. Kal\u0131plama y\u00f6ntemleri iki kategoriye ayr\u0131labilir: manuel ve makine kal\u0131plama.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
El kal\u0131plama esas olarak tek par\u00e7al\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck seri \u00fcretim i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131rken, makine kal\u0131plama esas olarak b\u00fcy\u00fck seri \u00fcretim i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(1). El modellemesi<\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n- (A) Entegre kal\u0131plaman\u0131n \u00f6zellikleri \u015funlard\u0131r: kal\u0131p entegre bir yap\u0131d\u0131r, en b\u00fcy\u00fck kesit kal\u0131b\u0131n bir ucunda d\u00fczd\u00fcr; ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyleri \u00e7o\u011funlukla d\u00fczd\u00fcr; ve i\u015flem basittir. B\u00fct\u00fcn kal\u0131p, diskler ve kapaklar gibi basit \u015fekillere sahip d\u00f6k\u00fcmler i\u00e7in uygundur.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- (B) B\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f kal\u0131pla kal\u0131plaman\u0131n \u00f6zellikleri \u015funlard\u0131r: kal\u0131plar ayr\u0131l\u0131r ve kal\u0131plar\u0131n ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f y\u00fczeyi (ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyi olarak bilinir), kal\u0131p kald\u0131rmay\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kal\u0131plar\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck kesiti olmal\u0131d\u0131r. B\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f kal\u0131pla kal\u0131plama i\u015flemi temelde tam kal\u0131pla kal\u0131plama i\u015flemine benzer, aradaki fark \u00fcst kal\u0131b\u0131 yaparken iki i\u015flemin eklenmesidir, yani \u00fcst kal\u0131b\u0131n yerle\u015ftirilmesi ve \u00fcst yar\u0131m kal\u0131b\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131. Ayr\u0131k kal\u0131plama man\u015fonlar, borular ve valf g\u00f6vdeleri gibi karma\u015f\u0131k \u015fekillere sahip d\u00f6k\u00fcmler i\u00e7in uygundur.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- (C) \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilir veya hareketli par\u00e7a \u00fczerindeki canl\u0131 blok kal\u0131plama kal\u0131b\u0131na canl\u0131 blok denir. Kal\u0131b\u0131n yan taraf\u0131nda par\u00e7ay\u0131 uzatmak i\u00e7in bir engel oldu\u011funda (k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir t\u0131rnak gibi), par\u00e7a genellikle canl\u0131 bir blok haline getirilir. Kal\u0131p kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, \u00f6nce kal\u0131b\u0131n ana g\u00f6vdesi \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131r ve daha sonra d\u00f6k\u00fcmde kalan canl\u0131 blok ayr\u0131 olarak \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131r, bu y\u00f6nteme canl\u0131 blok kal\u0131plama denir. Canl\u0131 blok kal\u0131b\u0131 \u00e7ivilerle ba\u011flanarak kal\u0131plan\u0131rken, canl\u0131 blo\u011fun etraf\u0131ndaki kumun \u00f6nce s\u0131k\u0131ca doldurulmas\u0131na ve daha sonra \u00e7ivilerin \u00e7ekilmesine dikkat edilmelidir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- (D) kal\u0131plama ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131sal \u00f6zelliklerine g\u00f6re d\u00f6k\u00fcm yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, ancak ko\u015fullar nedeniyle (kal\u0131p \u00e7ok ince, kal\u0131p yapmak zor gibi) hala b\u00fct\u00fcn bir kal\u0131p haline getirildi\u011finde, kal\u0131plamay\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in alt ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyinin kavisli bir y\u00fczeye kaz\u0131lmas\u0131 veya merdivenin \u015feklinde y\u00fcksek ve al\u00e7ak de\u011fi\u015fikliklere sahip olmas\u0131 gerekir (d\u00fczensiz ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyi olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r), bu y\u00f6nteme kum kal\u0131plama denir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- (F) \u00dc\u00e7 kutu kal\u0131plama D\u00f6k\u00fcm \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in \u00fc\u00e7 kum kutusu kullanma i\u015flemine \u00fc\u00e7 kutu kal\u0131plama denir. Yukar\u0131da bahsedilen t\u00fcm kal\u0131plama y\u00f6ntemleri, kullan\u0131m\u0131 kolay ve yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lan iki kum kutusu kullan\u0131r. Bununla birlikte, kesit boyutunun iki ucunun orta kesitten daha b\u00fcy\u00fck olmas\u0131 gibi baz\u0131 d\u00f6k\u00fcmlerde, kal\u0131ptan s\u0131ras\u0131yla iki y\u00f6nden \u00fc\u00e7 kum kutusu kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- (G) s\u0131y\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 kal\u0131plama boyutu 500 mm'den b\u00fcy\u00fck kasnaklar, volanlar, b\u00fcy\u00fck di\u015fliler ve di\u011fer tek \u00fcretim gibi d\u00f6nen g\u00f6vde d\u00f6k\u00fcmleri, ah\u015faptan, kal\u0131p i\u015fleme s\u00fcresinden ve maliyetten tasarruf etmek i\u00e7in s\u0131y\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 kal\u0131plama kullan\u0131labilir. Kaz\u0131y\u0131c\u0131, d\u00f6k\u00fcm b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn \u015fekline uygun bir tahta par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. Kal\u0131plama s\u0131ras\u0131nda, s\u0131y\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 sabit bir merkezi eksen etraf\u0131nda d\u00f6ner ve kum kal\u0131b\u0131ndaki gerekli bo\u015flu\u011fu s\u0131y\u0131r\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- (H) Kukla kutu kal\u0131plama, kum kazma kal\u0131plamas\u0131nda kaz\u0131lan kumun yerine prefabrik \u015fekilli bir taban plakas\u0131 veya kukla kutu kullan\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- (I) \u00c7ukur kal\u0131plama D\u00f6k\u00fcmhanede do\u011frudan kum zemin \u00fczerinde veya kum \u00e7ukurunda kal\u0131plama y\u00f6ntemine \u00e7ukur kal\u0131plama denir. B\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00f6k\u00fcmler tek par\u00e7a halinde \u00fcretildi\u011finde, kum havuzundan tasarruf etmek, d\u00f6k\u00fcm y\u00fcksekli\u011fini azaltmak ve d\u00f6kme i\u015flemlerini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in genellikle \u00e7ukur kal\u0131plama kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \u00c7ukur kal\u0131plama yap\u0131s\u0131, d\u00f6k\u00fcm s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00e7ukurdaki gaz\u0131 zeminden, genellikle kok, c\u00fcruf ve di\u011fer nefes alabilen malzemelerin taban\u0131ndan sorunsuz bir \u015fekilde d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karabilir ve gaz\u0131 demir borudan d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131rken kal\u0131plaman\u0131n dikkate al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
(2). Makine modellemesi<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Manuel kal\u0131plama verimlili\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr, d\u00f6k\u00fcmlerin y\u00fczey kalitesi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr, y\u00fcksek teknik seviyeye sahip i\u015f\u00e7i gereksinimi, emek yo\u011funlu\u011fu, bu nedenle seri \u00fcretimde genellikle makine kal\u0131plamada kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Makine kal\u0131plama---- mekanizasyona ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in kum s\u0131kma ve kal\u0131plama i\u015fleminin ana i\u015flemidir. Kum s\u0131kma ve kal\u0131p ba\u015flatman\u0131n farkl\u0131 yollar\u0131na g\u00f6re, pn\u00f6matik mikro titre\u015fimli s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma kal\u0131plama, at\u0131\u015f bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 kal\u0131plama, y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 kal\u0131plama ve kum atma kal\u0131plama vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n- (A) pn\u00f6matik mikro titre\u015fim s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma kal\u0131plama titre\u015fim (frekans 150 ~ 500 kez \/ dak, genlik 25-80mm) - s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma - mikro titre\u015fim (frekans 700 ~ 1000 kez \/ dak, genlik 5 ~ l0mm) s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f kum kullan\u0131l\u0131r. l0mm) kal\u0131plama kumunu s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in. Bu t\u00fcr bir kal\u0131plama makinesi daha az g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcye, kumun e\u015fit \u015fekilde s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na ve y\u00fcksek \u00fcretkenli\u011fe sahiptir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- (B) Enjeksiyon kal\u0131plama, ilk s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma i\u00e7in bo\u015flu\u011fa kum p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtmek i\u00e7in bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 hava kullan\u0131m\u0131 ile karakterize edilir ve daha sonra s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma pistonu kum modelini tekrar s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r, kum modeli ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra, \u00f6n ve arka iki kum modeli aras\u0131ndaki temas y\u00fczeyi ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyidir. Enjeksiyon kal\u0131plaman\u0131n d\u00f6k\u00fcm boyutu do\u011frudur, y\u00fczey p\u00fcr\u00fczl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckt\u00fcr ve \u00fcretkenlik y\u00fcksektir. Saatte 240-300 kal\u0131p \u00fcretebilir ve genellikle k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve orta \u00f6l\u00e7ekli d\u00f6k\u00fcmlerin seri \u00fcretiminde kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- (C) Y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 kal\u0131plama, kum kal\u0131b\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7 \u00fcretmek \u00fczere bir hidrolik sistem kullan\u0131r. Hassas d\u00f6k\u00fcm boyutlar\u0131, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck y\u00fczey p\u00fcr\u00fczl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve y\u00fcksek verimlilik ile karakterize edilir. Y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 kal\u0131plama, daha karma\u015f\u0131k \u015fekillere sahip k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve orta \u00f6l\u00e7ekli d\u00f6k\u00fcmler, \u00e7oklu \u00e7e\u015fitler ve orta \u00f6l\u00e7ekli partiler veya daha fazlas\u0131 i\u00e7in uygundur.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- (D) Kum f\u0131rlatma kal\u0131plama, kum kal\u0131b\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in konvey\u00f6r bant taraf\u0131ndan ta\u015f\u0131nan kumu y\u00fcksek h\u0131zda a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 atmak i\u00e7in y\u00fcksek h\u0131zl\u0131 d\u00f6nen b\u0131\u00e7a\u011f\u0131 kullanmakt\u0131r. Kum f\u0131rlatma kal\u0131plama g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir uyarlanabilirli\u011fe sahiptir, \u00f6zel kum kutusu ve \u015fablon gerektirmez ve b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00f6k\u00fcmlerin tek par\u00e7a ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck parti \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in uygundur.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
karotlama<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\nD\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn i\u00e7 bo\u015flu\u011funu veya lokal \u015feklini elde etmek i\u00e7in, ma\u00e7a kumu veya di\u011fer malzemelerden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, ma\u00e7a ad\u0131 verilen d\u00f6k\u00fcm elemanlar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7indeki bo\u015flu\u011fa yerle\u015ftirilir. Ma\u00e7alar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu ma\u00e7a kumundan yap\u0131l\u0131r. Ma\u00e7an\u0131n kalitesi esas olarak nitelikli ma\u00e7a kumunun haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131na ve do\u011fru ma\u00e7a yap\u0131m s\u00fcrecinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kum \u00e7ekirde\u011fi y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131ktaki s\u0131v\u0131 metalin etkisiyle d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcrken ve \u00e7evrelenirken, i\u00e7 bo\u015flu\u011fun kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelen \u015feklinin d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fc ile kum \u00e7ekirde\u011finin gereksinimlerine ek olarak, daha iyi bir ge\u00e7irgenli\u011fe, refrakterli\u011fe, tavizlere, mukavemete ve di\u011fer \u00f6zelliklere sahip olmal\u0131d\u0131r, bu nedenle \u00e7ekirdek kumu form\u00fcle etmek i\u00e7in az safs\u0131zl\u0131k ve bitkisel ya\u011f, su barda\u011f\u0131 ve di\u011fer ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131lara sahip kuvars kumu se\u00e7meliyiz ve kum \u00e7ekirde\u011finde metal \u00e7ekirdek kemi\u011fine ve mukavemeti ve ge\u00e7irgenli\u011fi art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in havaland\u0131rma deliklerini ba\u011flamal\u0131y\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Basit \u015fekilli b\u00fcy\u00fck ve orta boy ma\u00e7alar kil kumu ile \u00fcretilebilir. Ancak, karma\u015f\u0131k \u015fekillere ve y\u00fcksek performans gereksinimlerine sahip ma\u00e7alar i\u00e7in, bunlar\u0131 form\u00fcle etmek \u00fczere ya\u011f kumu, gres kumu ve re\u00e7ine kumu gibi \u00f6zel ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131lar kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Buna ek olarak, ma\u00e7a kumunun d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck higroskopiklik (kutuyu kapatt\u0131ktan sonra ma\u00e7an\u0131n neme d\u00f6nmesini \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in); daha az gazlama (metal d\u00f6k\u00fcld\u00fckten sonra, ma\u00e7a malzemesi \u0131s\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca az gaz \u00fcretmelidir); ve iyi z\u0131mparalama (temizlik s\u0131ras\u0131nda ma\u00e7an\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in) gibi baz\u0131 \u00f6zel \u00f6zelliklere de sahip olmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ma\u00e7alar genellikle ma\u00e7a kutular\u0131ndan yap\u0131l\u0131r ve a\u00e7\u0131k ma\u00e7a kutusu ma\u00e7a yap\u0131m\u0131, yuvarlak kesitli daha karma\u015f\u0131k ma\u00e7alar i\u00e7in yayg\u0131n bir manuel ma\u00e7a yap\u0131m y\u00f6ntemidir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\nFolyo \u00e7ekirdek kutu \u00e7ekirdek yap\u0131m\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n(a) Ma\u00e7a kutusunu haz\u0131rlay\u0131n (b) Ma\u00e7a kutusunu kelep\u00e7eleyin, s\u0131rayla ma\u00e7a kumu ve ma\u00e7a kemi\u011fi ekleyin, kumu d\u00f6v\u00fcn (c) Havaland\u0131rma deliklerini kaz\u0131y\u0131n ve ba\u011flay\u0131n (d) Kelep\u00e7eleri gev\u015fetin, ma\u00e7a kutusuna vurun (e) Ma\u00e7a kutusunu a\u00e7\u0131n, kum ma\u00e7ay\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131n ve boyay\u0131 uygulay\u0131n<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Modellemenin temel i\u015flemleri<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\nBir\u00e7ok kal\u0131plama y\u00f6ntemi vard\u0131r, ancak bunlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu kum vurma, kal\u0131p ba\u015flatma, kal\u0131p onarma ve kutu kapatmay\u0131 i\u00e7erir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(1) bak<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nAh\u015fap, metal veya di\u011fer malzemelerden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn orijinal \u015fekli topluca kal\u0131p olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r ve d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn bo\u015flu\u011funu olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Ah\u015fap kal\u0131p olarak bilinen ah\u015fap kal\u0131ptan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, metal kal\u0131p veya plastik kal\u0131p olarak bilinen metal veya plastik kal\u0131ptan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. \u015eu anda \u00e7o\u011fu fabrika ah\u015fap kal\u0131p kullanmaktad\u0131r. Kal\u0131b\u0131n \u015fekli d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn \u015fekline benzer, aradaki fark, kal\u0131pta delikler gibi d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn sadece deliksiz kat\u0131 olmas\u0131 de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda ma\u00e7a ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 yapmak i\u00e7in kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelen konumda olmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(2) Kal\u0131plama \u00f6ncesi haz\u0131rl\u0131k<\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n- \u2460 Kal\u0131plama aletlerini haz\u0131rlay\u0131n, d\u00fcz bir taban plakas\u0131 ve uygun boyutta bir kum kutusu se\u00e7in. Kum kutusu \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fckse, sadece \u00e7ok fazla kum t\u00fcketmekle kalmayacak, ayn\u0131 zamanda kum vurma s\u00fcresini de bo\u015fa harcayacakt\u0131r. Kum kutusu \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckse, ah\u015fap kal\u0131b\u0131n etraf\u0131ndaki kum s\u0131k\u0131ca d\u00f6v\u00fclmeyecek ve s\u0131v\u0131 metal, d\u00f6kme s\u0131ras\u0131nda ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyinden, yani ara y\u00fczeyler aras\u0131ndan kolayca d\u0131\u015far\u0131 akacakt\u0131r. Genellikle, ah\u015fap kal\u0131p ile i\u00e7 duvar ve kum kutusunun \u00fcst\u00fc aras\u0131ndaki mesafe 30 ~ 100 mm olmal\u0131d\u0131r, buna kum yeme miktar\u0131 denir. Bu mesafe kum yeme kapasitesi olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Kum yeme kapasitesinin spesifik de\u011feri ah\u015fap kal\u0131b\u0131n boyutuna ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u2461 Kal\u0131p kumunun ah\u015fap kal\u0131ba yap\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 ve kal\u0131b\u0131 kald\u0131r\u0131rken bo\u015flu\u011fa zarar vermesini \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in ah\u015fap kal\u0131b\u0131 temizleyin.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u2462 Ah\u015fap kal\u0131b\u0131 yerle\u015ftirirken, ah\u015fap kal\u0131p \u00fczerindeki e\u011fimin y\u00f6n\u00fcne dikkat edin ve yanl\u0131\u015f yere koymay\u0131n.\u3002<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
\uff083)<\/strong>yar\u0131m kilo kum<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n- \u2460 D\u00f6vme kumu kuma a\u015famal\u0131 olarak eklenmelidir. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kum kutusu i\u00e7in her seferinde yakla\u015f\u0131k 50 ~ 70 mm kum kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 eklenmelidir. \u00e7ok fazla kum d\u00f6vmek s\u0131k\u0131 de\u011fildir ve \u00e7ok az kum ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma saati maliyeti. \u0130lk kez kum eklerken, ah\u015fap kal\u0131b\u0131n kum kutusundaki konumunun hareket etmesini \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in ah\u015fap kal\u0131b\u0131n etraf\u0131ndaki kum elle s\u0131k\u0131ca bast\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Daha sonra kum vurma \u00e7ekicinin sivri ucunu kullanarak a\u015famal\u0131 olarak s\u0131k\u0131ca vurun ve son olarak kum vurma \u00e7ekicinin d\u00fcz ucunu kullanarak kumun \u00fcst katman\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131ca vurun.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u2461 Kuma vurma i\u015flemi belirli bir rotada ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmelidir. S\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n farkl\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131ndan ka\u00e7\u0131nmak i\u00e7in biraz do\u011fuya, biraz bat\u0131ya kaotik bir vuru\u015f yapmay\u0131n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Kuma vurma uygun olmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7ok fazla kuvvet, kum \u00e7ok s\u0131k\u0131d\u0131r, gaz\u0131n bo\u015flu\u011funu d\u00f6kerek d\u0131\u015far\u0131 akamaz. \u00c7ok az kuvvet, kum \u00e7ok gev\u015fektir ve kutunun \u00e7\u00f6kmesi kolayd\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 kumun her bir par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 farkl\u0131d\u0131r, kum kutusunun i\u00e7 duvar\u0131na yak\u0131n olan kum, kutunun \u00e7\u00f6kmesini \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in s\u0131k\u0131ca d\u00f6v\u00fclmelidir. Bo\u015fluk k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n yak\u0131n\u0131nda, kum s\u0131v\u0131 metal bas\u0131nc\u0131na dayanmak i\u00e7in biraz daha s\u0131k\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Hava ge\u00e7irgenli\u011fini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kum tabakas\u0131n\u0131n bo\u015flu\u011fundan uzakta uygun \u015fekilde gev\u015fek olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u2463 Kumu d\u00f6verken, \u00e7ekicin ah\u015fap kal\u0131ba \u00e7arpmas\u0131 \u00f6nlenmelidir. Genellikle \u00e7eki\u00e7 ile ah\u015fap kal\u0131p aras\u0131ndaki mesafe 20-40 mm'dir, aksi takdirde ah\u015fap kal\u0131ba zarar vermek kolayd\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
\uff084) <\/strong>kum serpin<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n Kum modelini olu\u015fturmadan \u00f6nce, \u00fcst ve alt kum kutular\u0131n\u0131n birbirine yap\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 ve kutunun a\u00e7\u0131lmamas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyine ince taneli, kil i\u00e7ermeyen kuru kum (yani kum) serpilmelidir. Kum serpilirken, el kum kutusundan biraz daha yukar\u0131da olmal\u0131, d\u00f6nerken, sallan\u0131rken, b\u00f6ylece kum parmak \u00e7atlaklar\u0131ndan yava\u015f\u00e7a ve e\u015fit bir \u015fekilde a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya do\u011fru da\u011f\u0131lmal\u0131, ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyinde ince bir \u015fekilde kaplanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Son olarak, ah\u015fap kal\u0131p ay\u0131rma kumundan \u00fcflenmelidir, b\u00f6ylece kum modelinde yapmamak i\u00e7in, ay\u0131rma kumu kum modelinin y\u00fczeyine yap\u0131\u015f\u0131r ve s\u0131v\u0131 metalin d\u00f6k\u00fclmesinde d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn i\u00e7ine y\u0131kan\u0131r, b\u00f6ylece kusurlar \u00fcretir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(5)<\/strong>bir delik a\u00e7mak<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n Kumun iyi hava ge\u00e7irgenli\u011fine sahip olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flaman\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, ayn\u0131 zamanda kumda havaland\u0131rma deliklerini ba\u011flamak i\u00e7in bir havaland\u0131rma i\u011fnesi ile d\u00fcz bir \u015fekilde d\u00f6v\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ve kaz\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, b\u00f6ylece d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcrken gaz\u0131n ka\u00e7mas\u0131 kolayd\u0131r. Havaland\u0131rma delikleri dikey ve e\u015fit da\u011f\u0131l\u0131ml\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(6)<\/strong>a\u00e7\u0131k kap\u0131<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n D\u0131\u015f kap\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck ucunda 60-80 mm \u00e7apa sahip 60\u00b0'lik bir koni \u015feklinde kaz\u0131lmal\u0131 ve kap\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczeyi parlat\u0131lmal\u0131 ve s\u0131v\u0131 metalin kum kal\u0131b\u0131na d\u00fczg\u00fcn bir \u015fekilde akmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in d\u00fcz yollukla ba\u011flant\u0131 yuvarlak bir ge\u00e7i\u015f \u015feklinde yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. D\u0131\u015f kap\u0131 \u00e7ok s\u0131\u011f kaz\u0131l\u0131r ve disk \u015fekline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrse, s\u0131v\u0131 metal etrafa s\u0131\u00e7rayacak ve d\u00f6kme s\u0131ras\u0131nda insanlara zarar verecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(7)<\/strong>Kapan\u0131\u015f konu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 yapmak<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n \u00dcst ve alt kum havuzlar\u0131n\u0131n yerle\u015ftirme pimleri yoksa, \u00fcst ve alt kum kal\u0131plar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lmadan \u00f6nce kum havuzunun duvar\u0131na bir kapan\u0131\u015f \u00e7izgisi \u00e7izilmelidir. Bunun en basit yolu, kutunun duvar\u0131na tebe\u015fir tozu s\u00fcrmek ve ard\u0131ndan ince bir \u00e7izgi \u00e7izmek i\u00e7in bir i\u011fne kullanmakt\u0131r. Kum kutusunu pi\u015firmek i\u00e7in f\u0131r\u0131na girmeniz gerekir, kum kili kum kutusu duvar\u0131na yap\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r, bir s\u0131vac\u0131 b\u0131\u00e7a\u011f\u0131 ile \u00e7orap d\u00fczle\u015ftirilir ve ard\u0131ndan \u00e7amur numaras\u0131 olarak bilinen \u00e7izgi oyulur. \u00c7izgi, x ve y y\u00f6nlerinin konumland\u0131r\u0131labilmesini sa\u011flamak ve kumun d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131rlayabilmek i\u00e7in kum kutusunun duvar\u0131ndaki iki dik a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131 kenar\u0131n en uzak noktas\u0131na yerle\u015ftirilmelidir. Kutuyu kapat\u0131rken hata yapmamak i\u00e7in iki yerdeki \u00e7izgi say\u0131s\u0131 e\u015fit olmamal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7izgi bitti\u011finde, kal\u0131b\u0131 ba\u015flatmak i\u00e7in kutuyu a\u00e7abilirsiniz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(8)<\/strong>bir kal\u0131p almak<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n- \u2460 Kal\u0131b\u0131 almadan \u00f6nce, su f\u0131r\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131 bir miktar suya bat\u0131r\u0131n ve kal\u0131b\u0131 al\u0131rken kum bo\u015flu\u011funun zarar g\u00f6rmesini \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in ah\u015fap kal\u0131b\u0131n etraf\u0131ndaki kumu f\u0131r\u00e7alay\u0131n. F\u0131r\u00e7a suyu bir f\u0131r\u00e7a olmal\u0131, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 yerel sudan ka\u00e7\u0131nmak ve d\u00f6k\u00fcm s\u0131ras\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarda su buhar\u0131 \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in su f\u0131r\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131n belirli bir yerde kalmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamay\u0131n, b\u00f6ylece d\u00f6k\u00fcm g\u00f6zeneklilik kusurlar\u0131 \u00fcretir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u2461 Kal\u0131p ba\u015flatma piminin konumu m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca ah\u015fap kal\u0131b\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k merkezi ile \u00e7ak\u0131\u015fmal\u0131d\u0131r. Kal\u0131b\u0131 ba\u015flatmadan \u00f6nce, ah\u015fap kal\u0131b\u0131 gev\u015fetmek ve kal\u0131b\u0131 ba\u015flatmay\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kal\u0131p ba\u015flatma piminin alt k\u0131sm\u0131na hafif\u00e7e vurmak i\u00e7in k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir \u00e7eki\u00e7 kullan\u0131n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u2462 Kal\u0131b\u0131 kald\u0131r\u0131rken, ah\u015fap kal\u0131b\u0131 yava\u015f\u00e7a dikey olarak kald\u0131r\u0131n, ah\u015fap kal\u0131p tamamen kald\u0131r\u0131lmak \u00fczereyken h\u0131zl\u0131ca \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131n. Kal\u0131b\u0131 kald\u0131r\u0131rken e\u011filmemesine ve sallanmamas\u0131na dikkat edin.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
(9) <\/strong>manik\u00fcr<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n Kal\u0131p \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra, bo\u015fluk hasar g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015fse, bo\u015flu\u011fun \u015fekline ve hasar\u0131n derecesine g\u00f6re her t\u00fcrl\u00fc onar\u0131m aleti do\u011fru \u015fekilde kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bo\u015flu\u011fun hasar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fckse, ah\u015fap kal\u0131p onarmak i\u00e7in bo\u015flu\u011fa geri konulabilir ve ard\u0131ndan tekrar \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(10)<\/strong>bir dosyay\u0131 kapat\u0131n<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n Kutunun kapat\u0131lmas\u0131, kum kal\u0131b\u0131n\u0131n kalitesinde \u00f6nemli bir rol oynayan son kal\u0131plama i\u015flemidir. Kutuyu kapatmadan \u00f6nce, kum kal\u0131b\u0131nda herhangi bir hasar ve gev\u015fek kum olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve kap\u0131n\u0131n kesilip kesilmedi\u011fi dikkatlice kontrol edilmelidir. Ma\u00e7ay\u0131 yerle\u015ftirmek istiyorsan\u0131z, ma\u00e7an\u0131n kuru olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, herhangi bir hasar olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve havaland\u0131rma deliklerinin t\u0131kal\u0131 olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol etmelisiniz. Ma\u00e7an\u0131n kum kal\u0131b\u0131ndaki konumu, d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn do\u011frulu\u011funu etkilememek ve d\u00f6kme s\u0131ras\u0131nda s\u0131v\u0131 metal taraf\u0131ndan y\u0131kanmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in do\u011fru ve sabit olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Kutuyu kapat\u0131rken, seviyeyi a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da tutmak i\u00e7in \u00fcst kum kutusuna dikkat edilmeli ve yanl\u0131\u015f kutuyu \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in kapatma \u00e7izgisi ile hizalanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Kutuyu kapatt\u0131ktan sonra, yolluk i\u00e7ine kum veya d\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fc d\u00fc\u015fmesini \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in yolluk \u00fczerini ka\u011f\u0131t veya tahta par\u00e7as\u0131 ile \u00f6rtmek daha iyidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
D\u00f6k\u00fcm d\u00f6kme pozisyonu ve ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyi se\u00e7imi<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
At\u00f6lyedeki kum d\u00f6k\u00fcm \u00fcr\u00fcn tedarik\u00e7ilerinin tek par\u00e7a k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck seri \u00fcretiminde, kumun baz\u0131 \u00f6zelliklerini kabaca de\u011ferlendirmek i\u00e7in yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lan el \u00e7imdikleme y\u00f6ntemi, \u00f6rne\u011fin bir avu\u00e7 kum kapmak, \u00e7imdik yumu\u015fak ve deforme olmas\u0131 kolay hissetmek; k\u00fctle gev\u015fek olmad\u0131ktan sonra kumu b\u0131rak\u0131n, ele yap\u0131\u015fmay\u0131n ve el izlerini temizleyin; k\u0131r\u0131n, d\u00fcz ve e\u015fit b\u00f6l\u00fcm ve \u00e7atlama olgusu yok ve ayn\u0131 zamanda belirli bir g\u00fc\u00e7 derecesi hissedin, kumun uygun performans gereksinimlerine sahip oldu\u011fu kabul edilir, kum. \u015eekilde g\u00f6sterildi\u011fi gibi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nKumun nemi do\u011fru oldu\u011funda, el serbest b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir.
Elle yo\u011frularak bir kum topu haline getirilebilir El \u00e7izgilerini temizleyin<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nPar\u00e7al\u0131 bir \u015fekle sahip k\u0131r\u0131k bo\u015fluklu k\u0131r\u0131k
Ayn\u0131 zamanda yeterli g\u00fc\u00e7 var<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
(3) Kal\u0131plar\u0131n bile\u015fimi<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Kum d\u00f6k\u00fcm \u00fcr\u00fcnleri i\u00e7in kal\u0131plar, par\u00e7an\u0131n \u015fekline g\u00f6re kal\u0131plama malzemesinden yap\u0131l\u0131r ve kal\u0131plar kum veya metal tipi olabilir. Bir kum kal\u0131b\u0131, kumdan (ma\u00e7a kumu) yap\u0131lan kal\u0131plama malzemesinden yap\u0131l\u0131r. Gerekli \u015fekil, boyut ve kalitede d\u00f6k\u00fcmler elde etmek i\u00e7in metal s\u0131v\u0131y\u0131 d\u00f6kmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bir kal\u0131p genellikle sa\u011fdaki \u015fekilde g\u00f6sterildi\u011fi gibi bir \u00fcst kal\u0131p, bir alt kal\u0131p, bir ma\u00e7a, bir bo\u015fluk ve bir d\u00f6kme sisteminden olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kal\u0131p bile\u015fenleri aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011flant\u0131 y\u00fczeylerine ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyleri denir. Kal\u0131pta kal\u0131plama malzemesi ile \u00e7evrili bo\u015flu\u011fun bir k\u0131sm\u0131na, yani d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn g\u00f6vdesini olu\u015fturan bo\u015flu\u011fa, bo\u015fluk denir. S\u0131v\u0131 metal, d\u00f6kme sistemi arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla bo\u015flu\u011fa akar ve bo\u015flu\u011fu doldurur ve \u00fcretilen gaz, hava \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 vb. arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla kum kal\u0131b\u0131ndan bo\u015falt\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n1-B\u00f6lme y\u00fczeyi 2-\u00dcst kal\u0131p 3-Hava \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 4-D\u00f6kme sistemi 5-Kavite 6-Alt kal\u0131p
7 \u00c7ekirdekli 8 \u00c7ekirdekli kafa tutucu<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
(4<\/strong>)<\/strong>Yolluk Sistemleri<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n- D\u00f6kme Sistemi D\u00f6kme sistemi, s\u0131v\u0131 metalin bo\u015flu\u011fa akmas\u0131 i\u00e7in kal\u0131pta bulunan bir dizi kanald\u0131r. \u0130\u015flevi \u015fudur:
\u2460 Metal s\u0131v\u0131y\u0131 d\u00fczg\u00fcn ve h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde enjekte edin;
\u2461C\u00fcruf, kum vb. maddelerin bo\u015flu\u011fa girmesini engelleyin;
(iii) So\u011futma ve kat\u0131la\u015fma s\u0131ras\u0131nda s\u0131v\u0131 metalin hacim daralmas\u0131n\u0131 desteklemek i\u00e7in d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn her bir par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyin.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nD\u00f6k\u00fcm sisteminin do\u011fru \u015fekilde ayarlanmas\u0131, d\u00f6k\u00fcmlerin kalitesini sa\u011flamak ve metal t\u00fcketimini azaltmak i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r. D\u00f6kme sistemi makul de\u011filse, d\u00f6k\u00fcmler kum \u00fcfleme, kum delikleri, c\u00fcruf delikleri, d\u00f6k\u00fclmeme, g\u00f6zeneklilik ve b\u00fcz\u00fclme delikleri gibi kusurlara e\u011filimlidir. Tipik d\u00f6kme sistemi d\u00f6rt b\u00f6l\u00fcmden olu\u015fur: a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u015fekilde g\u00f6sterildi\u011fi gibi d\u0131\u015f kap\u0131, d\u00fcz yolluk, \u00e7apraz yolluk ve i\u00e7 yolluk.
Basit \u015fekilli k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck d\u00f6k\u00fcmler i\u00e7in \u00e7apraz yolluk kullan\u0131lmayabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\nTipik d\u00f6k\u00fcm sistemleri<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n- \u0130\u015flevi, enjekte edilen s\u0131v\u0131 metali tutmak ve s\u0131v\u0131 metalin kum kal\u0131b\u0131 \u00fczerindeki etkisini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmakt\u0131r. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck d\u00f6k\u00fcmler genellikle huni \u015feklindedir (yolluk kab\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r), daha b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00f6k\u00fcmler ise le\u011fen \u015feklindedir (yolluk kab\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u2461 D\u00fcz yolluk D\u0131\u015f kap\u0131y\u0131 yatay yolluk ile ba\u011flayan dikey bir kanald\u0131r. D\u00fcz yolluk y\u00fcksekli\u011finin de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi s\u0131v\u0131 metalin statik bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131 ve s\u0131v\u0131 metalin ak\u0131\u015f h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirebilir, b\u00f6ylece s\u0131v\u0131 metalin doldurma kapasitesini de\u011fi\u015ftirebilir. D\u00fcz yolluk y\u00fcksekli\u011fi veya \u00e7ap\u0131 \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fckse, d\u00f6k\u00fcm yetersiz d\u00f6k\u00fclecektir. \u00c7ubu\u011fun \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in, d\u00fcz yolluk genellikle b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00fcst ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir alt ile konik bir \u015fekle getirilir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u2462 \u00c7apraz kanal Metal s\u0131v\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fcz kanaldan i\u00e7 kanala sokmak i\u00e7in yatay bir kanald\u0131r, genellikle kum kal\u0131b\u0131n\u0131n ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyinde a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r ve kesit \u015fekli genellikle y\u00fcksek trapezoidaldir ve i\u00e7 kanal\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnde bulunur. \u00c7apraz kanal\u0131n ana i\u015flevi s\u0131v\u0131 metali i\u00e7 kanala da\u011f\u0131tmak ve c\u00fcrufu bloke etmektir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Do\u011frudan bo\u015flu\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r ve bo\u015flu\u011fa s\u0131v\u0131 metal ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc ve h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 ve d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn her bir par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131n so\u011futma h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyebilir. \u0130\u00e7 yolluklar\u0131n enine kesit \u015fekli genellikle d\u00fcz trapezoidal ve hilal \u015feklindedir ve \u00fc\u00e7gen \u015feklinde de olabilir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Y\u00fckselticiler B\u00fcz\u00fclme ve gev\u015feme gibi yayg\u0131n kusurlar, d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn so\u011fuyup kat\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda hacimsel olarak daralmas\u0131ndan kaynaklan\u0131r. B\u00fcz\u00fclme ve gev\u015femeyi \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in, genellikle y\u00fckselticinin \u00fcst veya kal\u0131n k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcnde. Y\u00fckselticiler, d\u00f6k\u00fcmdeki bo\u015fluklar ve bo\u015fluklara enjekte edilen metaldir. Y\u00fckselticideki s\u0131v\u0131 metal, d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn b\u00fcz\u00fclmesini s\u00fcrekli olarak yenileyebilir, b\u00f6ylece d\u00f6k\u00fcm b\u00fcz\u00fclme deliklerinden ve b\u00fcz\u00fclme gev\u015femesinden ka\u00e7\u0131nabilir. Y\u00fckselticiler gereksizdir ve temizlik s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Y\u00fckselticiler b\u00fcz\u00fclme rol\u00fcn\u00fc tamamlaman\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra egzoz ve c\u00fcruf toplama rol\u00fcn\u00fc de \u00fcstlenir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
(5) Kal\u0131p ve ma\u00e7a sand\u0131\u011f\u0131 imalat\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Kal\u0131p, d\u00f6k\u00fcm \u00fcretiminde gerekli proses ekipman\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130\u00e7 bo\u015fluklu d\u00f6k\u00fcmler i\u00e7in, kum ma\u00e7a taraf\u0131ndan olu\u015fturulan i\u00e7 bo\u015flu\u011fun d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fc ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kum ma\u00e7a i\u00e7in ma\u00e7a kutusunun haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 gerekir. Kal\u0131p ve ma\u00e7a sand\u0131\u011f\u0131 imalat\u0131nda yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lan malzemeler ah\u015fap, metal ve plastiktir. Tek par\u00e7ada, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck seri \u00fcretim, ah\u015fap kal\u0131p ve ma\u00e7a kutusunda, metal veya plastik kal\u0131p, ma\u00e7a kutusunun seri \u00fcretiminde yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Metal kal\u0131p ve ma\u00e7a kutusunun hizmet \u00f6mr\u00fc 100.000 ila 300.000 kat, plasti\u011fin hizmet \u00f6mr\u00fc on binlerce kata kadar \u00e7\u0131karken, ah\u015fap olan sadece yakla\u015f\u0131k 1.000 katt\u0131r. D\u00f6k\u00fcmlerin kalitesini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in, kal\u0131plar\u0131n ve ma\u00e7a kutular\u0131n\u0131n tasar\u0131m\u0131nda ve imalat\u0131nda, bir d\u00f6k\u00fcm i\u015flemi haritas\u0131 tasarlamak ve daha sonra i\u015flem haritas\u0131n\u0131n \u015fekline ve boyutuna g\u00f6re kal\u0131plar ve ma\u00e7a kutular\u0131 \u00fcretmek gerekir. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u015femaya bak\u0131n\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\nBir s\u00fcre\u00e7 haritas\u0131 tasarlarken a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakilerden baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurun:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n- Ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyinin se\u00e7imi Ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyi \u00fcst ve alt kum aras\u0131ndaki aray\u00fczd\u00fcr ve ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyinin se\u00e7imi kal\u0131b\u0131n kumdan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamal\u0131 ve modellemeyi d\u00f6k\u00fcmlerin kalitesini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in uygun ve elveri\u015fli hale getirmelidir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Kal\u0131b\u0131n kum kal\u0131ptan kolayca \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in, ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyine dik olan t\u00fcm y\u00fczeyler 0,5\u00ba\uff5e4\u00ba kal\u0131p \u00e7ekme e\u011fimi ile yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u2462 \u0130\u015fleme pay\u0131 \u0130\u015flenecek d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn y\u00fczeyinde uygun i\u015fleme pay\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u2463 B\u00fcz\u00fclme D\u00f6k\u00fcm so\u011furken b\u00fcz\u00fclmelidir ve kal\u0131b\u0131n boyutu d\u00f6k\u00fcm b\u00fcz\u00fclmesinin etkisini dikkate almal\u0131d\u0131r. Genellikle d\u00f6kme demir par\u00e7alarda y\u00fczde 1 art\u0131\u015f; d\u00f6kme \u00e7elik par\u00e7alarda y\u00fczde 1,5 ila y\u00fczde 2 art\u0131\u015f; al\u00fcminyum ala\u015f\u0131ml\u0131 par\u00e7alarda y\u00fczde 1 ila y\u00fczde 1,5 art\u0131\u015f i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u2464 D\u00f6k\u00fcm yuvarlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f k\u00f6\u015feler Modellemeyi kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak ve d\u00f6k\u00fcm kalitesini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in d\u00f6k\u00fcmdeki her y\u00fczeyin t\u00fcm d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f noktalar\u0131 ge\u00e7i\u015fli yuvarlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f k\u00f6\u015feler haline getirilmelidir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- (6) Ma\u00e7a kafas\u0131 Ma\u00e7al\u0131 kum kal\u0131plar\u0131 i\u00e7in kal\u0131p \u00fczerine uygun bir ma\u00e7a kafas\u0131 yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Modelleme y\u00f6ntemleri<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\nKal\u0131plama y\u00f6nteminin se\u00e7imi sadece \u00fcretim t\u00fcr\u00fcne g\u00f6re de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda fabrika ekipman ko\u015fullar\u0131na, d\u00f6k\u00fcm boyutuna ve karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve kalite gereksinimlerine g\u00f6re birlikte izlenmelidir. Kal\u0131plama y\u00f6ntemleri iki kategoriye ayr\u0131labilir: manuel ve makine kal\u0131plama.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
El kal\u0131plama esas olarak tek par\u00e7al\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck seri \u00fcretim i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131rken, makine kal\u0131plama esas olarak b\u00fcy\u00fck seri \u00fcretim i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(1). El modellemesi<\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n- (A) Entegre kal\u0131plaman\u0131n \u00f6zellikleri \u015funlard\u0131r: kal\u0131p entegre bir yap\u0131d\u0131r, en b\u00fcy\u00fck kesit kal\u0131b\u0131n bir ucunda d\u00fczd\u00fcr; ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyleri \u00e7o\u011funlukla d\u00fczd\u00fcr; ve i\u015flem basittir. B\u00fct\u00fcn kal\u0131p, diskler ve kapaklar gibi basit \u015fekillere sahip d\u00f6k\u00fcmler i\u00e7in uygundur.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- (B) B\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f kal\u0131pla kal\u0131plaman\u0131n \u00f6zellikleri \u015funlard\u0131r: kal\u0131plar ayr\u0131l\u0131r ve kal\u0131plar\u0131n ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f y\u00fczeyi (ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyi olarak bilinir), kal\u0131p kald\u0131rmay\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kal\u0131plar\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck kesiti olmal\u0131d\u0131r. B\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f kal\u0131pla kal\u0131plama i\u015flemi temelde tam kal\u0131pla kal\u0131plama i\u015flemine benzer, aradaki fark \u00fcst kal\u0131b\u0131 yaparken iki i\u015flemin eklenmesidir, yani \u00fcst kal\u0131b\u0131n yerle\u015ftirilmesi ve \u00fcst yar\u0131m kal\u0131b\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131. Ayr\u0131k kal\u0131plama man\u015fonlar, borular ve valf g\u00f6vdeleri gibi karma\u015f\u0131k \u015fekillere sahip d\u00f6k\u00fcmler i\u00e7in uygundur.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- (C) \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilir veya hareketli par\u00e7a \u00fczerindeki canl\u0131 blok kal\u0131plama kal\u0131b\u0131na canl\u0131 blok denir. Kal\u0131b\u0131n yan taraf\u0131nda par\u00e7ay\u0131 uzatmak i\u00e7in bir engel oldu\u011funda (k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir t\u0131rnak gibi), par\u00e7a genellikle canl\u0131 bir blok haline getirilir. Kal\u0131p kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, \u00f6nce kal\u0131b\u0131n ana g\u00f6vdesi \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131r ve daha sonra d\u00f6k\u00fcmde kalan canl\u0131 blok ayr\u0131 olarak \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131r, bu y\u00f6nteme canl\u0131 blok kal\u0131plama denir. Canl\u0131 blok kal\u0131b\u0131 \u00e7ivilerle ba\u011flanarak kal\u0131plan\u0131rken, canl\u0131 blo\u011fun etraf\u0131ndaki kumun \u00f6nce s\u0131k\u0131ca doldurulmas\u0131na ve daha sonra \u00e7ivilerin \u00e7ekilmesine dikkat edilmelidir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- (D) kal\u0131plama ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131sal \u00f6zelliklerine g\u00f6re d\u00f6k\u00fcm yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, ancak ko\u015fullar nedeniyle (kal\u0131p \u00e7ok ince, kal\u0131p yapmak zor gibi) hala b\u00fct\u00fcn bir kal\u0131p haline getirildi\u011finde, kal\u0131plamay\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in alt ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyinin kavisli bir y\u00fczeye kaz\u0131lmas\u0131 veya merdivenin \u015feklinde y\u00fcksek ve al\u00e7ak de\u011fi\u015fikliklere sahip olmas\u0131 gerekir (d\u00fczensiz ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyi olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r), bu y\u00f6nteme kum kal\u0131plama denir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- (F) \u00dc\u00e7 kutu kal\u0131plama D\u00f6k\u00fcm \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in \u00fc\u00e7 kum kutusu kullanma i\u015flemine \u00fc\u00e7 kutu kal\u0131plama denir. Yukar\u0131da bahsedilen t\u00fcm kal\u0131plama y\u00f6ntemleri, kullan\u0131m\u0131 kolay ve yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lan iki kum kutusu kullan\u0131r. Bununla birlikte, kesit boyutunun iki ucunun orta kesitten daha b\u00fcy\u00fck olmas\u0131 gibi baz\u0131 d\u00f6k\u00fcmlerde, kal\u0131ptan s\u0131ras\u0131yla iki y\u00f6nden \u00fc\u00e7 kum kutusu kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- (G) s\u0131y\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 kal\u0131plama boyutu 500 mm'den b\u00fcy\u00fck kasnaklar, volanlar, b\u00fcy\u00fck di\u015fliler ve di\u011fer tek \u00fcretim gibi d\u00f6nen g\u00f6vde d\u00f6k\u00fcmleri, ah\u015faptan, kal\u0131p i\u015fleme s\u00fcresinden ve maliyetten tasarruf etmek i\u00e7in s\u0131y\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 kal\u0131plama kullan\u0131labilir. Kaz\u0131y\u0131c\u0131, d\u00f6k\u00fcm b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn \u015fekline uygun bir tahta par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. Kal\u0131plama s\u0131ras\u0131nda, s\u0131y\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 sabit bir merkezi eksen etraf\u0131nda d\u00f6ner ve kum kal\u0131b\u0131ndaki gerekli bo\u015flu\u011fu s\u0131y\u0131r\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- (H) Kukla kutu kal\u0131plama, kum kazma kal\u0131plamas\u0131nda kaz\u0131lan kumun yerine prefabrik \u015fekilli bir taban plakas\u0131 veya kukla kutu kullan\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- (I) \u00c7ukur kal\u0131plama D\u00f6k\u00fcmhanede do\u011frudan kum zemin \u00fczerinde veya kum \u00e7ukurunda kal\u0131plama y\u00f6ntemine \u00e7ukur kal\u0131plama denir. B\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00f6k\u00fcmler tek par\u00e7a halinde \u00fcretildi\u011finde, kum havuzundan tasarruf etmek, d\u00f6k\u00fcm y\u00fcksekli\u011fini azaltmak ve d\u00f6kme i\u015flemlerini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in genellikle \u00e7ukur kal\u0131plama kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \u00c7ukur kal\u0131plama yap\u0131s\u0131, d\u00f6k\u00fcm s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00e7ukurdaki gaz\u0131 zeminden, genellikle kok, c\u00fcruf ve di\u011fer nefes alabilen malzemelerin taban\u0131ndan sorunsuz bir \u015fekilde d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karabilir ve gaz\u0131 demir borudan d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131rken kal\u0131plaman\u0131n dikkate al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
(2). Makine modellemesi<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Manuel kal\u0131plama verimlili\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr, d\u00f6k\u00fcmlerin y\u00fczey kalitesi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr, y\u00fcksek teknik seviyeye sahip i\u015f\u00e7i gereksinimi, emek yo\u011funlu\u011fu, bu nedenle seri \u00fcretimde genellikle makine kal\u0131plamada kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Makine kal\u0131plama---- mekanizasyona ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in kum s\u0131kma ve kal\u0131plama i\u015fleminin ana i\u015flemidir. Kum s\u0131kma ve kal\u0131p ba\u015flatman\u0131n farkl\u0131 yollar\u0131na g\u00f6re, pn\u00f6matik mikro titre\u015fimli s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma kal\u0131plama, at\u0131\u015f bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 kal\u0131plama, y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 kal\u0131plama ve kum atma kal\u0131plama vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n- (A) pn\u00f6matik mikro titre\u015fim s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma kal\u0131plama titre\u015fim (frekans 150 ~ 500 kez \/ dak, genlik 25-80mm) - s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma - mikro titre\u015fim (frekans 700 ~ 1000 kez \/ dak, genlik 5 ~ l0mm) s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f kum kullan\u0131l\u0131r. l0mm) kal\u0131plama kumunu s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in. Bu t\u00fcr bir kal\u0131plama makinesi daha az g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcye, kumun e\u015fit \u015fekilde s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na ve y\u00fcksek \u00fcretkenli\u011fe sahiptir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- (B) Enjeksiyon kal\u0131plama, ilk s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma i\u00e7in bo\u015flu\u011fa kum p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtmek i\u00e7in bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 hava kullan\u0131m\u0131 ile karakterize edilir ve daha sonra s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma pistonu kum modelini tekrar s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r, kum modeli ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra, \u00f6n ve arka iki kum modeli aras\u0131ndaki temas y\u00fczeyi ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyidir. Enjeksiyon kal\u0131plaman\u0131n d\u00f6k\u00fcm boyutu do\u011frudur, y\u00fczey p\u00fcr\u00fczl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckt\u00fcr ve \u00fcretkenlik y\u00fcksektir. Saatte 240-300 kal\u0131p \u00fcretebilir ve genellikle k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve orta \u00f6l\u00e7ekli d\u00f6k\u00fcmlerin seri \u00fcretiminde kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- (C) Y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 kal\u0131plama, kum kal\u0131b\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7 \u00fcretmek \u00fczere bir hidrolik sistem kullan\u0131r. Hassas d\u00f6k\u00fcm boyutlar\u0131, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck y\u00fczey p\u00fcr\u00fczl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve y\u00fcksek verimlilik ile karakterize edilir. Y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 kal\u0131plama, daha karma\u015f\u0131k \u015fekillere sahip k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve orta \u00f6l\u00e7ekli d\u00f6k\u00fcmler, \u00e7oklu \u00e7e\u015fitler ve orta \u00f6l\u00e7ekli partiler veya daha fazlas\u0131 i\u00e7in uygundur.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- (D) Kum f\u0131rlatma kal\u0131plama, kum kal\u0131b\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in konvey\u00f6r bant taraf\u0131ndan ta\u015f\u0131nan kumu y\u00fcksek h\u0131zda a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 atmak i\u00e7in y\u00fcksek h\u0131zl\u0131 d\u00f6nen b\u0131\u00e7a\u011f\u0131 kullanmakt\u0131r. Kum f\u0131rlatma kal\u0131plama g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir uyarlanabilirli\u011fe sahiptir, \u00f6zel kum kutusu ve \u015fablon gerektirmez ve b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00f6k\u00fcmlerin tek par\u00e7a ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck parti \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in uygundur.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
karotlama<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\nD\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn i\u00e7 bo\u015flu\u011funu veya lokal \u015feklini elde etmek i\u00e7in, ma\u00e7a kumu veya di\u011fer malzemelerden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, ma\u00e7a ad\u0131 verilen d\u00f6k\u00fcm elemanlar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7indeki bo\u015flu\u011fa yerle\u015ftirilir. Ma\u00e7alar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu ma\u00e7a kumundan yap\u0131l\u0131r. Ma\u00e7an\u0131n kalitesi esas olarak nitelikli ma\u00e7a kumunun haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131na ve do\u011fru ma\u00e7a yap\u0131m s\u00fcrecinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kum \u00e7ekirde\u011fi y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131ktaki s\u0131v\u0131 metalin etkisiyle d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcrken ve \u00e7evrelenirken, i\u00e7 bo\u015flu\u011fun kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelen \u015feklinin d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fc ile kum \u00e7ekirde\u011finin gereksinimlerine ek olarak, daha iyi bir ge\u00e7irgenli\u011fe, refrakterli\u011fe, tavizlere, mukavemete ve di\u011fer \u00f6zelliklere sahip olmal\u0131d\u0131r, bu nedenle \u00e7ekirdek kumu form\u00fcle etmek i\u00e7in az safs\u0131zl\u0131k ve bitkisel ya\u011f, su barda\u011f\u0131 ve di\u011fer ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131lara sahip kuvars kumu se\u00e7meliyiz ve kum \u00e7ekirde\u011finde metal \u00e7ekirdek kemi\u011fine ve mukavemeti ve ge\u00e7irgenli\u011fi art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in havaland\u0131rma deliklerini ba\u011flamal\u0131y\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Basit \u015fekilli b\u00fcy\u00fck ve orta boy ma\u00e7alar kil kumu ile \u00fcretilebilir. Ancak, karma\u015f\u0131k \u015fekillere ve y\u00fcksek performans gereksinimlerine sahip ma\u00e7alar i\u00e7in, bunlar\u0131 form\u00fcle etmek \u00fczere ya\u011f kumu, gres kumu ve re\u00e7ine kumu gibi \u00f6zel ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131lar kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Buna ek olarak, ma\u00e7a kumunun d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck higroskopiklik (kutuyu kapatt\u0131ktan sonra ma\u00e7an\u0131n neme d\u00f6nmesini \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in); daha az gazlama (metal d\u00f6k\u00fcld\u00fckten sonra, ma\u00e7a malzemesi \u0131s\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca az gaz \u00fcretmelidir); ve iyi z\u0131mparalama (temizlik s\u0131ras\u0131nda ma\u00e7an\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in) gibi baz\u0131 \u00f6zel \u00f6zelliklere de sahip olmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ma\u00e7alar genellikle ma\u00e7a kutular\u0131ndan yap\u0131l\u0131r ve a\u00e7\u0131k ma\u00e7a kutusu ma\u00e7a yap\u0131m\u0131, yuvarlak kesitli daha karma\u015f\u0131k ma\u00e7alar i\u00e7in yayg\u0131n bir manuel ma\u00e7a yap\u0131m y\u00f6ntemidir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\nFolyo \u00e7ekirdek kutu \u00e7ekirdek yap\u0131m\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n(a) Ma\u00e7a kutusunu haz\u0131rlay\u0131n (b) Ma\u00e7a kutusunu kelep\u00e7eleyin, s\u0131rayla ma\u00e7a kumu ve ma\u00e7a kemi\u011fi ekleyin, kumu d\u00f6v\u00fcn (c) Havaland\u0131rma deliklerini kaz\u0131y\u0131n ve ba\u011flay\u0131n (d) Kelep\u00e7eleri gev\u015fetin, ma\u00e7a kutusuna vurun (e) Ma\u00e7a kutusunu a\u00e7\u0131n, kum ma\u00e7ay\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131n ve boyay\u0131 uygulay\u0131n<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Modellemenin temel i\u015flemleri<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\nBir\u00e7ok kal\u0131plama y\u00f6ntemi vard\u0131r, ancak bunlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu kum vurma, kal\u0131p ba\u015flatma, kal\u0131p onarma ve kutu kapatmay\u0131 i\u00e7erir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(1) bak<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nAh\u015fap, metal veya di\u011fer malzemelerden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn orijinal \u015fekli topluca kal\u0131p olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r ve d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn bo\u015flu\u011funu olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Ah\u015fap kal\u0131p olarak bilinen ah\u015fap kal\u0131ptan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, metal kal\u0131p veya plastik kal\u0131p olarak bilinen metal veya plastik kal\u0131ptan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. \u015eu anda \u00e7o\u011fu fabrika ah\u015fap kal\u0131p kullanmaktad\u0131r. Kal\u0131b\u0131n \u015fekli d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn \u015fekline benzer, aradaki fark, kal\u0131pta delikler gibi d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn sadece deliksiz kat\u0131 olmas\u0131 de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda ma\u00e7a ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 yapmak i\u00e7in kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelen konumda olmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(2) Kal\u0131plama \u00f6ncesi haz\u0131rl\u0131k<\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n- \u2460 Kal\u0131plama aletlerini haz\u0131rlay\u0131n, d\u00fcz bir taban plakas\u0131 ve uygun boyutta bir kum kutusu se\u00e7in. Kum kutusu \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fckse, sadece \u00e7ok fazla kum t\u00fcketmekle kalmayacak, ayn\u0131 zamanda kum vurma s\u00fcresini de bo\u015fa harcayacakt\u0131r. Kum kutusu \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckse, ah\u015fap kal\u0131b\u0131n etraf\u0131ndaki kum s\u0131k\u0131ca d\u00f6v\u00fclmeyecek ve s\u0131v\u0131 metal, d\u00f6kme s\u0131ras\u0131nda ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyinden, yani ara y\u00fczeyler aras\u0131ndan kolayca d\u0131\u015far\u0131 akacakt\u0131r. Genellikle, ah\u015fap kal\u0131p ile i\u00e7 duvar ve kum kutusunun \u00fcst\u00fc aras\u0131ndaki mesafe 30 ~ 100 mm olmal\u0131d\u0131r, buna kum yeme miktar\u0131 denir. Bu mesafe kum yeme kapasitesi olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Kum yeme kapasitesinin spesifik de\u011feri ah\u015fap kal\u0131b\u0131n boyutuna ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u2461 Kal\u0131p kumunun ah\u015fap kal\u0131ba yap\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 ve kal\u0131b\u0131 kald\u0131r\u0131rken bo\u015flu\u011fa zarar vermesini \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in ah\u015fap kal\u0131b\u0131 temizleyin.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u2462 Ah\u015fap kal\u0131b\u0131 yerle\u015ftirirken, ah\u015fap kal\u0131p \u00fczerindeki e\u011fimin y\u00f6n\u00fcne dikkat edin ve yanl\u0131\u015f yere koymay\u0131n.\u3002<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
\uff083)<\/strong>yar\u0131m kilo kum<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n- \u2460 D\u00f6vme kumu kuma a\u015famal\u0131 olarak eklenmelidir. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kum kutusu i\u00e7in her seferinde yakla\u015f\u0131k 50 ~ 70 mm kum kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 eklenmelidir. \u00e7ok fazla kum d\u00f6vmek s\u0131k\u0131 de\u011fildir ve \u00e7ok az kum ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma saati maliyeti. \u0130lk kez kum eklerken, ah\u015fap kal\u0131b\u0131n kum kutusundaki konumunun hareket etmesini \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in ah\u015fap kal\u0131b\u0131n etraf\u0131ndaki kum elle s\u0131k\u0131ca bast\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Daha sonra kum vurma \u00e7ekicinin sivri ucunu kullanarak a\u015famal\u0131 olarak s\u0131k\u0131ca vurun ve son olarak kum vurma \u00e7ekicinin d\u00fcz ucunu kullanarak kumun \u00fcst katman\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131ca vurun.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u2461 Kuma vurma i\u015flemi belirli bir rotada ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmelidir. S\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n farkl\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131ndan ka\u00e7\u0131nmak i\u00e7in biraz do\u011fuya, biraz bat\u0131ya kaotik bir vuru\u015f yapmay\u0131n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Kuma vurma uygun olmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7ok fazla kuvvet, kum \u00e7ok s\u0131k\u0131d\u0131r, gaz\u0131n bo\u015flu\u011funu d\u00f6kerek d\u0131\u015far\u0131 akamaz. \u00c7ok az kuvvet, kum \u00e7ok gev\u015fektir ve kutunun \u00e7\u00f6kmesi kolayd\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 kumun her bir par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 farkl\u0131d\u0131r, kum kutusunun i\u00e7 duvar\u0131na yak\u0131n olan kum, kutunun \u00e7\u00f6kmesini \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in s\u0131k\u0131ca d\u00f6v\u00fclmelidir. Bo\u015fluk k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n yak\u0131n\u0131nda, kum s\u0131v\u0131 metal bas\u0131nc\u0131na dayanmak i\u00e7in biraz daha s\u0131k\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Hava ge\u00e7irgenli\u011fini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kum tabakas\u0131n\u0131n bo\u015flu\u011fundan uzakta uygun \u015fekilde gev\u015fek olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u2463 Kumu d\u00f6verken, \u00e7ekicin ah\u015fap kal\u0131ba \u00e7arpmas\u0131 \u00f6nlenmelidir. Genellikle \u00e7eki\u00e7 ile ah\u015fap kal\u0131p aras\u0131ndaki mesafe 20-40 mm'dir, aksi takdirde ah\u015fap kal\u0131ba zarar vermek kolayd\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
\uff084) <\/strong>kum serpin<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n Kum modelini olu\u015fturmadan \u00f6nce, \u00fcst ve alt kum kutular\u0131n\u0131n birbirine yap\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 ve kutunun a\u00e7\u0131lmamas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyine ince taneli, kil i\u00e7ermeyen kuru kum (yani kum) serpilmelidir. Kum serpilirken, el kum kutusundan biraz daha yukar\u0131da olmal\u0131, d\u00f6nerken, sallan\u0131rken, b\u00f6ylece kum parmak \u00e7atlaklar\u0131ndan yava\u015f\u00e7a ve e\u015fit bir \u015fekilde a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya do\u011fru da\u011f\u0131lmal\u0131, ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyinde ince bir \u015fekilde kaplanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Son olarak, ah\u015fap kal\u0131p ay\u0131rma kumundan \u00fcflenmelidir, b\u00f6ylece kum modelinde yapmamak i\u00e7in, ay\u0131rma kumu kum modelinin y\u00fczeyine yap\u0131\u015f\u0131r ve s\u0131v\u0131 metalin d\u00f6k\u00fclmesinde d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn i\u00e7ine y\u0131kan\u0131r, b\u00f6ylece kusurlar \u00fcretir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(5)<\/strong>bir delik a\u00e7mak<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n Kumun iyi hava ge\u00e7irgenli\u011fine sahip olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flaman\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, ayn\u0131 zamanda kumda havaland\u0131rma deliklerini ba\u011flamak i\u00e7in bir havaland\u0131rma i\u011fnesi ile d\u00fcz bir \u015fekilde d\u00f6v\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ve kaz\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, b\u00f6ylece d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcrken gaz\u0131n ka\u00e7mas\u0131 kolayd\u0131r. Havaland\u0131rma delikleri dikey ve e\u015fit da\u011f\u0131l\u0131ml\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(6)<\/strong>a\u00e7\u0131k kap\u0131<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n D\u0131\u015f kap\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck ucunda 60-80 mm \u00e7apa sahip 60\u00b0'lik bir koni \u015feklinde kaz\u0131lmal\u0131 ve kap\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczeyi parlat\u0131lmal\u0131 ve s\u0131v\u0131 metalin kum kal\u0131b\u0131na d\u00fczg\u00fcn bir \u015fekilde akmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in d\u00fcz yollukla ba\u011flant\u0131 yuvarlak bir ge\u00e7i\u015f \u015feklinde yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. D\u0131\u015f kap\u0131 \u00e7ok s\u0131\u011f kaz\u0131l\u0131r ve disk \u015fekline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrse, s\u0131v\u0131 metal etrafa s\u0131\u00e7rayacak ve d\u00f6kme s\u0131ras\u0131nda insanlara zarar verecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(7)<\/strong>Kapan\u0131\u015f konu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 yapmak<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n \u00dcst ve alt kum havuzlar\u0131n\u0131n yerle\u015ftirme pimleri yoksa, \u00fcst ve alt kum kal\u0131plar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lmadan \u00f6nce kum havuzunun duvar\u0131na bir kapan\u0131\u015f \u00e7izgisi \u00e7izilmelidir. Bunun en basit yolu, kutunun duvar\u0131na tebe\u015fir tozu s\u00fcrmek ve ard\u0131ndan ince bir \u00e7izgi \u00e7izmek i\u00e7in bir i\u011fne kullanmakt\u0131r. Kum kutusunu pi\u015firmek i\u00e7in f\u0131r\u0131na girmeniz gerekir, kum kili kum kutusu duvar\u0131na yap\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r, bir s\u0131vac\u0131 b\u0131\u00e7a\u011f\u0131 ile \u00e7orap d\u00fczle\u015ftirilir ve ard\u0131ndan \u00e7amur numaras\u0131 olarak bilinen \u00e7izgi oyulur. \u00c7izgi, x ve y y\u00f6nlerinin konumland\u0131r\u0131labilmesini sa\u011flamak ve kumun d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131rlayabilmek i\u00e7in kum kutusunun duvar\u0131ndaki iki dik a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131 kenar\u0131n en uzak noktas\u0131na yerle\u015ftirilmelidir. Kutuyu kapat\u0131rken hata yapmamak i\u00e7in iki yerdeki \u00e7izgi say\u0131s\u0131 e\u015fit olmamal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7izgi bitti\u011finde, kal\u0131b\u0131 ba\u015flatmak i\u00e7in kutuyu a\u00e7abilirsiniz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(8)<\/strong>bir kal\u0131p almak<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n- \u2460 Kal\u0131b\u0131 almadan \u00f6nce, su f\u0131r\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131 bir miktar suya bat\u0131r\u0131n ve kal\u0131b\u0131 al\u0131rken kum bo\u015flu\u011funun zarar g\u00f6rmesini \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in ah\u015fap kal\u0131b\u0131n etraf\u0131ndaki kumu f\u0131r\u00e7alay\u0131n. F\u0131r\u00e7a suyu bir f\u0131r\u00e7a olmal\u0131, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 yerel sudan ka\u00e7\u0131nmak ve d\u00f6k\u00fcm s\u0131ras\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarda su buhar\u0131 \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in su f\u0131r\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131n belirli bir yerde kalmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamay\u0131n, b\u00f6ylece d\u00f6k\u00fcm g\u00f6zeneklilik kusurlar\u0131 \u00fcretir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u2461 Kal\u0131p ba\u015flatma piminin konumu m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca ah\u015fap kal\u0131b\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k merkezi ile \u00e7ak\u0131\u015fmal\u0131d\u0131r. Kal\u0131b\u0131 ba\u015flatmadan \u00f6nce, ah\u015fap kal\u0131b\u0131 gev\u015fetmek ve kal\u0131b\u0131 ba\u015flatmay\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kal\u0131p ba\u015flatma piminin alt k\u0131sm\u0131na hafif\u00e7e vurmak i\u00e7in k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir \u00e7eki\u00e7 kullan\u0131n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u2462 Kal\u0131b\u0131 kald\u0131r\u0131rken, ah\u015fap kal\u0131b\u0131 yava\u015f\u00e7a dikey olarak kald\u0131r\u0131n, ah\u015fap kal\u0131p tamamen kald\u0131r\u0131lmak \u00fczereyken h\u0131zl\u0131ca \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131n. Kal\u0131b\u0131 kald\u0131r\u0131rken e\u011filmemesine ve sallanmamas\u0131na dikkat edin.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
(9) <\/strong>manik\u00fcr<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n Kal\u0131p \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra, bo\u015fluk hasar g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015fse, bo\u015flu\u011fun \u015fekline ve hasar\u0131n derecesine g\u00f6re her t\u00fcrl\u00fc onar\u0131m aleti do\u011fru \u015fekilde kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bo\u015flu\u011fun hasar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fckse, ah\u015fap kal\u0131p onarmak i\u00e7in bo\u015flu\u011fa geri konulabilir ve ard\u0131ndan tekrar \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(10)<\/strong>bir dosyay\u0131 kapat\u0131n<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n Kutunun kapat\u0131lmas\u0131, kum kal\u0131b\u0131n\u0131n kalitesinde \u00f6nemli bir rol oynayan son kal\u0131plama i\u015flemidir. Kutuyu kapatmadan \u00f6nce, kum kal\u0131b\u0131nda herhangi bir hasar ve gev\u015fek kum olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve kap\u0131n\u0131n kesilip kesilmedi\u011fi dikkatlice kontrol edilmelidir. Ma\u00e7ay\u0131 yerle\u015ftirmek istiyorsan\u0131z, ma\u00e7an\u0131n kuru olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, herhangi bir hasar olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve havaland\u0131rma deliklerinin t\u0131kal\u0131 olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol etmelisiniz. Ma\u00e7an\u0131n kum kal\u0131b\u0131ndaki konumu, d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn do\u011frulu\u011funu etkilememek ve d\u00f6kme s\u0131ras\u0131nda s\u0131v\u0131 metal taraf\u0131ndan y\u0131kanmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in do\u011fru ve sabit olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Kutuyu kapat\u0131rken, seviyeyi a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da tutmak i\u00e7in \u00fcst kum kutusuna dikkat edilmeli ve yanl\u0131\u015f kutuyu \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in kapatma \u00e7izgisi ile hizalanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Kutuyu kapatt\u0131ktan sonra, yolluk i\u00e7ine kum veya d\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fc d\u00fc\u015fmesini \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in yolluk \u00fczerini ka\u011f\u0131t veya tahta par\u00e7as\u0131 ile \u00f6rtmek daha iyidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
D\u00f6k\u00fcm d\u00f6kme pozisyonu ve ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyi se\u00e7imi<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\u2460 Metal s\u0131v\u0131y\u0131 d\u00fczg\u00fcn ve h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde enjekte edin;
\u2461C\u00fcruf, kum vb. maddelerin bo\u015flu\u011fa girmesini engelleyin;
(iii) So\u011futma ve kat\u0131la\u015fma s\u0131ras\u0131nda s\u0131v\u0131 metalin hacim daralmas\u0131n\u0131 desteklemek i\u00e7in d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn her bir par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyin.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
D\u00f6k\u00fcm sisteminin do\u011fru \u015fekilde ayarlanmas\u0131, d\u00f6k\u00fcmlerin kalitesini sa\u011flamak ve metal t\u00fcketimini azaltmak i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r. D\u00f6kme sistemi makul de\u011filse, d\u00f6k\u00fcmler kum \u00fcfleme, kum delikleri, c\u00fcruf delikleri, d\u00f6k\u00fclmeme, g\u00f6zeneklilik ve b\u00fcz\u00fclme delikleri gibi kusurlara e\u011filimlidir. Tipik d\u00f6kme sistemi d\u00f6rt b\u00f6l\u00fcmden olu\u015fur: a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u015fekilde g\u00f6sterildi\u011fi gibi d\u0131\u015f kap\u0131, d\u00fcz yolluk, \u00e7apraz yolluk ve i\u00e7 yolluk. Tipik d\u00f6k\u00fcm sistemleri<\/p>\n\n\n\n (5) Kal\u0131p ve ma\u00e7a sand\u0131\u011f\u0131 imalat\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Kal\u0131p, d\u00f6k\u00fcm \u00fcretiminde gerekli proses ekipman\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130\u00e7 bo\u015fluklu d\u00f6k\u00fcmler i\u00e7in, kum ma\u00e7a taraf\u0131ndan olu\u015fturulan i\u00e7 bo\u015flu\u011fun d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fc ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kum ma\u00e7a i\u00e7in ma\u00e7a kutusunun haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 gerekir. Kal\u0131p ve ma\u00e7a sand\u0131\u011f\u0131 imalat\u0131nda yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lan malzemeler ah\u015fap, metal ve plastiktir. Tek par\u00e7ada, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck seri \u00fcretim, ah\u015fap kal\u0131p ve ma\u00e7a kutusunda, metal veya plastik kal\u0131p, ma\u00e7a kutusunun seri \u00fcretiminde yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Metal kal\u0131p ve ma\u00e7a kutusunun hizmet \u00f6mr\u00fc 100.000 ila 300.000 kat, plasti\u011fin hizmet \u00f6mr\u00fc on binlerce kata kadar \u00e7\u0131karken, ah\u015fap olan sadece yakla\u015f\u0131k 1.000 katt\u0131r. D\u00f6k\u00fcmlerin kalitesini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in, kal\u0131plar\u0131n ve ma\u00e7a kutular\u0131n\u0131n tasar\u0131m\u0131nda ve imalat\u0131nda, bir d\u00f6k\u00fcm i\u015flemi haritas\u0131 tasarlamak ve daha sonra i\u015flem haritas\u0131n\u0131n \u015fekline ve boyutuna g\u00f6re kal\u0131plar ve ma\u00e7a kutular\u0131 \u00fcretmek gerekir. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u015femaya bak\u0131n\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 haritas\u0131 tasarlarken a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakilerden baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurun:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kal\u0131plama y\u00f6nteminin se\u00e7imi sadece \u00fcretim t\u00fcr\u00fcne g\u00f6re de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda fabrika ekipman ko\u015fullar\u0131na, d\u00f6k\u00fcm boyutuna ve karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve kalite gereksinimlerine g\u00f6re birlikte izlenmelidir. Kal\u0131plama y\u00f6ntemleri iki kategoriye ayr\u0131labilir: manuel ve makine kal\u0131plama.<\/p>\n\n\n\n El kal\u0131plama esas olarak tek par\u00e7al\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck seri \u00fcretim i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131rken, makine kal\u0131plama esas olarak b\u00fcy\u00fck seri \u00fcretim i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Manuel kal\u0131plama verimlili\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr, d\u00f6k\u00fcmlerin y\u00fczey kalitesi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr, y\u00fcksek teknik seviyeye sahip i\u015f\u00e7i gereksinimi, emek yo\u011funlu\u011fu, bu nedenle seri \u00fcretimde genellikle makine kal\u0131plamada kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Makine kal\u0131plama---- mekanizasyona ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in kum s\u0131kma ve kal\u0131plama i\u015fleminin ana i\u015flemidir. Kum s\u0131kma ve kal\u0131p ba\u015flatman\u0131n farkl\u0131 yollar\u0131na g\u00f6re, pn\u00f6matik mikro titre\u015fimli s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma kal\u0131plama, at\u0131\u015f bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 kal\u0131plama, y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 kal\u0131plama ve kum atma kal\u0131plama vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n D\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn i\u00e7 bo\u015flu\u011funu veya lokal \u015feklini elde etmek i\u00e7in, ma\u00e7a kumu veya di\u011fer malzemelerden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, ma\u00e7a ad\u0131 verilen d\u00f6k\u00fcm elemanlar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7indeki bo\u015flu\u011fa yerle\u015ftirilir. Ma\u00e7alar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu ma\u00e7a kumundan yap\u0131l\u0131r. Ma\u00e7an\u0131n kalitesi esas olarak nitelikli ma\u00e7a kumunun haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131na ve do\u011fru ma\u00e7a yap\u0131m s\u00fcrecinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kum \u00e7ekirde\u011fi y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131ktaki s\u0131v\u0131 metalin etkisiyle d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcrken ve \u00e7evrelenirken, i\u00e7 bo\u015flu\u011fun kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelen \u015feklinin d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fc ile kum \u00e7ekirde\u011finin gereksinimlerine ek olarak, daha iyi bir ge\u00e7irgenli\u011fe, refrakterli\u011fe, tavizlere, mukavemete ve di\u011fer \u00f6zelliklere sahip olmal\u0131d\u0131r, bu nedenle \u00e7ekirdek kumu form\u00fcle etmek i\u00e7in az safs\u0131zl\u0131k ve bitkisel ya\u011f, su barda\u011f\u0131 ve di\u011fer ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131lara sahip kuvars kumu se\u00e7meliyiz ve kum \u00e7ekirde\u011finde metal \u00e7ekirdek kemi\u011fine ve mukavemeti ve ge\u00e7irgenli\u011fi art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in havaland\u0131rma deliklerini ba\u011flamal\u0131y\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Basit \u015fekilli b\u00fcy\u00fck ve orta boy ma\u00e7alar kil kumu ile \u00fcretilebilir. Ancak, karma\u015f\u0131k \u015fekillere ve y\u00fcksek performans gereksinimlerine sahip ma\u00e7alar i\u00e7in, bunlar\u0131 form\u00fcle etmek \u00fczere ya\u011f kumu, gres kumu ve re\u00e7ine kumu gibi \u00f6zel ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131lar kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Buna ek olarak, ma\u00e7a kumunun d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck higroskopiklik (kutuyu kapatt\u0131ktan sonra ma\u00e7an\u0131n neme d\u00f6nmesini \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in); daha az gazlama (metal d\u00f6k\u00fcld\u00fckten sonra, ma\u00e7a malzemesi \u0131s\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca az gaz \u00fcretmelidir); ve iyi z\u0131mparalama (temizlik s\u0131ras\u0131nda ma\u00e7an\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in) gibi baz\u0131 \u00f6zel \u00f6zelliklere de sahip olmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ma\u00e7alar genellikle ma\u00e7a kutular\u0131ndan yap\u0131l\u0131r ve a\u00e7\u0131k ma\u00e7a kutusu ma\u00e7a yap\u0131m\u0131, yuvarlak kesitli daha karma\u015f\u0131k ma\u00e7alar i\u00e7in yayg\u0131n bir manuel ma\u00e7a yap\u0131m y\u00f6ntemidir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Folyo \u00e7ekirdek kutu \u00e7ekirdek yap\u0131m\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n (a) Ma\u00e7a kutusunu haz\u0131rlay\u0131n (b) Ma\u00e7a kutusunu kelep\u00e7eleyin, s\u0131rayla ma\u00e7a kumu ve ma\u00e7a kemi\u011fi ekleyin, kumu d\u00f6v\u00fcn (c) Havaland\u0131rma deliklerini kaz\u0131y\u0131n ve ba\u011flay\u0131n (d) Kelep\u00e7eleri gev\u015fetin, ma\u00e7a kutusuna vurun (e) Ma\u00e7a kutusunu a\u00e7\u0131n, kum ma\u00e7ay\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131n ve boyay\u0131 uygulay\u0131n<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bir\u00e7ok kal\u0131plama y\u00f6ntemi vard\u0131r, ancak bunlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu kum vurma, kal\u0131p ba\u015flatma, kal\u0131p onarma ve kutu kapatmay\u0131 i\u00e7erir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ah\u015fap, metal veya di\u011fer malzemelerden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn orijinal \u015fekli topluca kal\u0131p olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r ve d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn bo\u015flu\u011funu olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Ah\u015fap kal\u0131p olarak bilinen ah\u015fap kal\u0131ptan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, metal kal\u0131p veya plastik kal\u0131p olarak bilinen metal veya plastik kal\u0131ptan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. \u015eu anda \u00e7o\u011fu fabrika ah\u015fap kal\u0131p kullanmaktad\u0131r. Kal\u0131b\u0131n \u015fekli d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn \u015fekline benzer, aradaki fark, kal\u0131pta delikler gibi d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn sadece deliksiz kat\u0131 olmas\u0131 de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda ma\u00e7a ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 yapmak i\u00e7in kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelen konumda olmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kum modelini olu\u015fturmadan \u00f6nce, \u00fcst ve alt kum kutular\u0131n\u0131n birbirine yap\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 ve kutunun a\u00e7\u0131lmamas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyine ince taneli, kil i\u00e7ermeyen kuru kum (yani kum) serpilmelidir. Kum serpilirken, el kum kutusundan biraz daha yukar\u0131da olmal\u0131, d\u00f6nerken, sallan\u0131rken, b\u00f6ylece kum parmak \u00e7atlaklar\u0131ndan yava\u015f\u00e7a ve e\u015fit bir \u015fekilde a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya do\u011fru da\u011f\u0131lmal\u0131, ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyinde ince bir \u015fekilde kaplanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Son olarak, ah\u015fap kal\u0131p ay\u0131rma kumundan \u00fcflenmelidir, b\u00f6ylece kum modelinde yapmamak i\u00e7in, ay\u0131rma kumu kum modelinin y\u00fczeyine yap\u0131\u015f\u0131r ve s\u0131v\u0131 metalin d\u00f6k\u00fclmesinde d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn i\u00e7ine y\u0131kan\u0131r, b\u00f6ylece kusurlar \u00fcretir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kumun iyi hava ge\u00e7irgenli\u011fine sahip olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flaman\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, ayn\u0131 zamanda kumda havaland\u0131rma deliklerini ba\u011flamak i\u00e7in bir havaland\u0131rma i\u011fnesi ile d\u00fcz bir \u015fekilde d\u00f6v\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ve kaz\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, b\u00f6ylece d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcrken gaz\u0131n ka\u00e7mas\u0131 kolayd\u0131r. Havaland\u0131rma delikleri dikey ve e\u015fit da\u011f\u0131l\u0131ml\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n D\u0131\u015f kap\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck ucunda 60-80 mm \u00e7apa sahip 60\u00b0'lik bir koni \u015feklinde kaz\u0131lmal\u0131 ve kap\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczeyi parlat\u0131lmal\u0131 ve s\u0131v\u0131 metalin kum kal\u0131b\u0131na d\u00fczg\u00fcn bir \u015fekilde akmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in d\u00fcz yollukla ba\u011flant\u0131 yuvarlak bir ge\u00e7i\u015f \u015feklinde yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. D\u0131\u015f kap\u0131 \u00e7ok s\u0131\u011f kaz\u0131l\u0131r ve disk \u015fekline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrse, s\u0131v\u0131 metal etrafa s\u0131\u00e7rayacak ve d\u00f6kme s\u0131ras\u0131nda insanlara zarar verecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00dcst ve alt kum havuzlar\u0131n\u0131n yerle\u015ftirme pimleri yoksa, \u00fcst ve alt kum kal\u0131plar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lmadan \u00f6nce kum havuzunun duvar\u0131na bir kapan\u0131\u015f \u00e7izgisi \u00e7izilmelidir. Bunun en basit yolu, kutunun duvar\u0131na tebe\u015fir tozu s\u00fcrmek ve ard\u0131ndan ince bir \u00e7izgi \u00e7izmek i\u00e7in bir i\u011fne kullanmakt\u0131r. Kum kutusunu pi\u015firmek i\u00e7in f\u0131r\u0131na girmeniz gerekir, kum kili kum kutusu duvar\u0131na yap\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r, bir s\u0131vac\u0131 b\u0131\u00e7a\u011f\u0131 ile \u00e7orap d\u00fczle\u015ftirilir ve ard\u0131ndan \u00e7amur numaras\u0131 olarak bilinen \u00e7izgi oyulur. \u00c7izgi, x ve y y\u00f6nlerinin konumland\u0131r\u0131labilmesini sa\u011flamak ve kumun d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131rlayabilmek i\u00e7in kum kutusunun duvar\u0131ndaki iki dik a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131 kenar\u0131n en uzak noktas\u0131na yerle\u015ftirilmelidir. Kutuyu kapat\u0131rken hata yapmamak i\u00e7in iki yerdeki \u00e7izgi say\u0131s\u0131 e\u015fit olmamal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7izgi bitti\u011finde, kal\u0131b\u0131 ba\u015flatmak i\u00e7in kutuyu a\u00e7abilirsiniz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kal\u0131p \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra, bo\u015fluk hasar g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015fse, bo\u015flu\u011fun \u015fekline ve hasar\u0131n derecesine g\u00f6re her t\u00fcrl\u00fc onar\u0131m aleti do\u011fru \u015fekilde kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bo\u015flu\u011fun hasar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fckse, ah\u015fap kal\u0131p onarmak i\u00e7in bo\u015flu\u011fa geri konulabilir ve ard\u0131ndan tekrar \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kutunun kapat\u0131lmas\u0131, kum kal\u0131b\u0131n\u0131n kalitesinde \u00f6nemli bir rol oynayan son kal\u0131plama i\u015flemidir. Kutuyu kapatmadan \u00f6nce, kum kal\u0131b\u0131nda herhangi bir hasar ve gev\u015fek kum olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve kap\u0131n\u0131n kesilip kesilmedi\u011fi dikkatlice kontrol edilmelidir. Ma\u00e7ay\u0131 yerle\u015ftirmek istiyorsan\u0131z, ma\u00e7an\u0131n kuru olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, herhangi bir hasar olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve havaland\u0131rma deliklerinin t\u0131kal\u0131 olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol etmelisiniz. Ma\u00e7an\u0131n kum kal\u0131b\u0131ndaki konumu, d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn do\u011frulu\u011funu etkilememek ve d\u00f6kme s\u0131ras\u0131nda s\u0131v\u0131 metal taraf\u0131ndan y\u0131kanmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in do\u011fru ve sabit olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Kutuyu kapat\u0131rken, seviyeyi a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da tutmak i\u00e7in \u00fcst kum kutusuna dikkat edilmeli ve yanl\u0131\u015f kutuyu \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in kapatma \u00e7izgisi ile hizalanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Kutuyu kapatt\u0131ktan sonra, yolluk i\u00e7ine kum veya d\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fc d\u00fc\u015fmesini \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in yolluk \u00fczerini ka\u011f\u0131t veya tahta par\u00e7as\u0131 ile \u00f6rtmek daha iyidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Basit \u015fekilli k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck d\u00f6k\u00fcmler i\u00e7in \u00e7apraz yolluk kullan\u0131lmayabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n\n
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n\n
Modelleme y\u00f6ntemleri<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
(1). El modellemesi<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n
(2). Makine modellemesi<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n
karotlama<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nModellemenin temel i\u015flemleri<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
(1) bak<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
(2) Kal\u0131plama \u00f6ncesi haz\u0131rl\u0131k<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n
\uff083)<\/strong>yar\u0131m kilo kum<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n
\uff084) <\/strong>kum serpin<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
(5)<\/strong>bir delik a\u00e7mak<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
(6)<\/strong>a\u00e7\u0131k kap\u0131<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
(7)<\/strong>Kapan\u0131\u015f konu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 yapmak<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
(8)<\/strong>bir kal\u0131p almak<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n
(9) <\/strong>manik\u00fcr<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
(10)<\/strong>bir dosyay\u0131 kapat\u0131n<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
D\u00f6k\u00fcm d\u00f6kme pozisyonu ve ay\u0131rma y\u00fczeyi se\u00e7imi<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
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<\/figure>\n\n\n\n